The original Fang Sheng’s lecture on tracing is included in the topic # Tracing Talk 88# Caste System 2# India 2# Aryan 2.

Follow the trail and tell.

Give life another possibility with culture.

Author: Fang Sheng

Pictures/Typesetting/Proofreading: Tracing Xiaobian

The full text is about 3200 words, which takes about 10 minutes.

01

What is the caste system?

First of all, we have to be clear about a question: Why is the caste system called "caste"?

Because it is not the same as the simple racial hierarchy, it is not to say that you are black and you are low in rank, but to frame you in a specific social class with your bloodline.

Moreover, surnames are bound to families. Just look at your surnames and you will know at which level your family should be. In this way, as long as you limit each family to intermarry within the same caste, you can be framed and it is almost impossible to cross classes, thus stabilizing people at all levels of the whole society.

India’s caste system was first invented by foreign Aryans. After they conquered northern India, they invented such a hierarchy in order to facilitate the rule of the indigenous Dravida people. It was generally called Varna, which was the predecessor of the later caste system, and the religion used to explain this system was Hinduism.

▲ Indian Aryans (left) Dravidian (right) The picture originated from the Internet.

The core of the Varna system is "clean" and "unclean", clean or not.

For example, whether you are a vegetarian, whether you are exposed to corpses, blood, etc., some Aryan classics also give a clean contempt chain for many things. For example, gold is cleaner than silver, silver is cleaner than bronze, bronze is cleaner than brass, and brass is cleaner than pottery.

For another example, there are 12 kinds of unclean things on people, not to mention shit, even spitting is unclean.

▲ People who wash on the banks of the Ganges River: Hinduism believes that water can wash unclean and evil, and the Ganges River has the best washing effect, so Indians often bathe or wipe their bodies on both sides of the Ganges River. Image from the network

If a person touches something unclean, then he is unclean. However, people’s impurity is temporary and permanent. I’ve got something dirty on my body, and it’s unclean. Wash it, and of course it’s clean again.

However, if you often touch unclean things, people’s impurity becomes permanent.

For example, those who specialize in disposing of corpses and burying the dead, and those who often wash clothes with blood, if you keep doing this kind of work, you will be unclean, and you will have to be isolated from others, so as not to meet others and get them dirty.

They can’t even cover the shadows of other castes. Cover them and say that you have polluted others’ shadows. Therefore, such people are called "untouchables". They can’t touch them. They are too dirty.

▲ According to the Varna scale painted in the Song of the Rigveda Primitive Man, Brahman is the mouth of Primitive Man, Khshatriya is the arms of Primitive Man, Vedas are the thighs of Primitive Man, and sudra is the feet of Primitive Man. As for untouchables, they are excluded from the body of primitive people. Image from the network

This is the lowest level in the whole caste system, and it is called "Da Park Jung Su", which means "Dalit". Dalits are basically conquered Indian aborigines, mainly the Dravidians.

02

Control Indian society

Except for these untouchables who are always unclean, the rest are divided into four castes, which are called Varna. From low to high, they are: sudra, Vishnu, Khrushchev, Brahman.

Let’s look at the lowest level, Varna: sudra.

Hinduism says that sudra people changed from the feet of primitive people. The concept of primitive people is very complicated. To put it simply, it is the life body that started the universe in Aryan mythology, and later turned into everything in the world, which is somewhat similar to Pangu in China mythology.

Sudra is mainly a Dalopita, and this class is a slave, similar to the domestic slaves in ancient China, mainly serving people.

▲ The Dalai Lama map originated from the Internet.

Varna, one level higher than sudra, is a monastery, which was changed from primitive legs. Aryan classics stipulate that the Vedas can farm, graze and do business. To put it bluntly, they are ordinary people who can earn a living by their own physical or mental labor. The next level is the Khrushchev, which is the arm of the primitive man.

Khrushchev is a warrior class with political and military power, but no religious power. Religious power is in the highest level of Varna, that is, in the hands of Brahmins. According to Aryan classics, Brahman is the mouth of primitive people, that is, the spokesman of God.

Brahman and Khrushchev, basically Aryans, control the whole country in religious and secular aspects respectively.

Brahman, Khrushchev and Visha, men of these three castes, when they are about 10 years old, should be presided over by Brahman, which is similar to adult ceremony.

▲ The caste system map originated from the network.

Born from the womb, it was only a physical birth. After this ritual, it was a spiritual birth. This is a true Hindu who can participate in various religious ceremonies. Body+spirit, born twice, so these three castes are also called "regeneration clan".

Sudra and Dalits can’t participate in the ritual, so these people are only born physically, not spiritually, which is called "Lifetime Family". According to the teachings of Hinduism, because the whole generation has no spirit, it is no different from animals.

So you see, this system is completely for controlling people’s use. All people are born with their own position in society, and they have been brainwashed by this theory since childhood, which is convinced.

As a result, the whole society has a clear division of labor, the political power is stable, and Aryans, as rulers, have the final say in how the system determines them, so they have to come to things related to religion and sacrifice; As the conquered people, the Dravidians have to do all the dirty work, including social production, farming and grazing.

▲ Monks who play music that serves the gods-Brahmins (upper left) warriors with weapons are also feudal lords-Khrushchev (upper right) businessmen who calculate money with scales are also farmers-Vedas (lower left) have no symbols at the bottom slave-sudra (lower right) The picture originated from the network.

When the Aryans first came up with this Varna system, they didn’t actually involve oppression or slavery. Their main purpose was to make everyone have a fixed social division of labor, such as cleaning toilets and cleaning bodies. If the Aryans didn’t want to do it, they had to be done by the Dravidians, so they were the conquered.

For another example, Brahmins have the highest rank, and they control religion. However, the warrior class represented by the king is the second-class Khrushchev. If you think about it with your toes, you can know that whoever has the army has the final say, and it is actually Khrushchev who holds the real power. Therefore, it does not mean that Brahmins will oppress Khrushchev and Khrushchev will oppress lower-level monasteries.

Discrimination between different classes actually developed later.

03

Residual poison has caused harm to this day.

As we said before, the history of India is almost a history of foreign conquest. India is constantly invaded and conquered by foreign nationalities. Every time a foreign invasion, it will bring new culture and impact the caste system.

So how can this set of things continue to this day?

In fact, the reason is very simple. No matter who conquered India, when you look at this system of Aryans, everyone applauds, which is conducive to rule. Therefore, whoever comes here is careless, and everything remains the same. If any conqueror wants to change the caste system, it must be a bad thing.

▲ Mughal empire map originated from the network.

For example, in the 16th century, Mongolians established the Mughal Empire in northern India. These Mongolians were culturally Islamized, but after they conquered India, they did not forcibly promote Islam, but used Hinduism to rule India, with good results.

After several generations of emperors, the emperor’s brain was pumping, and he insisted on pushing Islam all over the country, which led to boiling public grievances. sudra and Dalits have been pigs and dogs for thousands of years, and you Mongolians have to make people own things, which hurts the heavens. Therefore, resistance came one after another everywhere, which eventually led to the collapse of the empire and India’s division again.

After India became independent from Britain in 1947, as a country determined to modernize, India will certainly abolish the caste system.

▲ Indian Mahatma who is persuading the Indian people to give up the caste system-Gandhi originated from the Internet.

Although the caste system has been abolished in law, it is still deeply rooted in the minds of ordinary people. In daily life, the influence of the caste system still exists, such as finding a job and renting a house, and there will be caste discrimination to some extent.

Marriage is even more so. According to tradition, people of the same caste can marry, but men of high caste can also marry women of low caste. This is called marriage, and the children born are still of high caste. However, if a high-caste woman marries a low-caste man, it is called reverse marriage, and the children they gave birth to are the lowest untouchables.

However, the population of Brahman and Khrushchev, the highest caste, accounts for a small proportion, which leads to a situation. Some high-caste women can’t find men, and their families can only attract men of the same caste through rich dowry, while many low-caste women also want to climb high-caste men, and their families will also increase the dowry. As a result, no matter which caste, women have become the burden of the family. Whether before or after marriage, their family status is very low, and their wives are almost husbands.

▲ Indian wedding map originated from the Internet.

According to the survey statistics of some international organizations, a quarter of Indian men admit that they have committed sexual violence, and a fifth of Indian men admit that they have done something similar to rape. Moreover, more than half of Indian men believe that women should fight and not fight is dishonest.

Therefore, there are a lot of rape cases that have exploded in India in recent years, and I don’t know how many have not. These men who commit crimes basically don’t treat women as human beings. The root causes can be traced back to the caste system.

Then why can’t this caste system be eradicated?

The main reason is that India has never experienced a thorough social revolution. If nothing else, look at China. Thousands of years of feudal ethics, so many bad habits, the Revolution of 1911, and the May 4th Movement have washed away the things in the old society.

India, on the other hand, has never been. The conquerors of foreign invasions have to rule the local people with the help of the caste system. They hope that the caste system will continue all the time. The founding of India is not a result of violent revolution to overthrow the British colonists, but a result of compromise. The original political forces and various cultures have basically been preserved. As the core content of Hinduism, the caste system is even more difficult to be completely eradicated.

(End)

1905 movie network news The live-action version of "The Lion King" has released a new teaser. In the teaser, Simba became a wild crane after leaving his country, but after meeting Nana again, he returned to his country again and vowed to take back the throne.

　

The look and feel of the whole trailer is very shocking. The animals created by computer technology are almost 100% realistic and restored. Especially at the end of the trailer, the appearance of Pumbaa and Timon makes the trailer reach a climax. As the most beloved characters in the entire film, Pumbaa and Timon can be said to be very popular. The new version of "The Lion King" was conceived and directed by director Jon Favreau and is a remake of Disney’s animated classic "The Lion King". It will be a live-action and CG movie. Although it is not exactly a live-action movie, it definitely looks like it. Fei Ru will draw on his experience in "The Forest of Fantasy" – using live child actors and using cutting-edge technology and a green screen set in a Los Angeles studio to produce jungle and animals.

　

As for the voice actors, Donald Glover is the voice of Simba; Beyoncé Knowles is the voice of friend and girlfriend Nana, James Earl Jones is the voice of his father Mufasa, and Chevat Egafort is the voice of his uncle Scar. Alpha coefficient Ward is the voice of his mother Sharabi, Billy Eichner is the voice of Timon, and Seth Rogan is the voice of Pumbaa; John Carney is the voice of Drill Lafitchie, and "Lost Olive" John Oliver is the voice of the hornbill Shazu. Florence Kasamba, Eric Andrew and Gigan-Michael Kay also participated in the voice work of the film. It is worth noting that James Earl Jones is also the actor who voiced Mufasa in the original animation.

　

The 1994 animated version of "The Lion King" is considered one of the pinnacles of Disney’s animated film and the entire history of animated film. After a long period of recession in the 1970s and 1980s, the film was the culmination of Disney’s successful comeback. "The Lion King" tells the story of Simba, the little Lion King, who, accompanied by many passionate friends, not only experienced the most glorious moments of his life, but also encountered the most difficult challenges, and finally became the king of the forest. He also realized the true meaning of life in the endless cycle of nature.

　

Currently. The live-action version of The Lion King will be released on July 19, 2019.

[Autohome Beijing Promotion Channel] Special report, this high-profile luxury SUV is launching an unprecedented promotion in the Beijing area. At present, buyers of Xingtu Lanyue can enjoy a cash discount of up to 18,000 yuan, which further reduces the original starting price to 175,900 yuan. This attractive price offer provides consumers with a rare opportunity to buy a car. Want to take advantage of this price reduction and get more competitive car purchase conditions? Please click "Check the car price" in the quotation form now, and let’s explore more possible car purchase surprises together.

The side line design of Xingtu Lanyue stands out among the heroes, showing a strong sense of power and elegance. Its body size is quite eye-catching, with a length of 4970mm, a width of 1940mm, a height of 1792mm, and a wheelbase of 2900mm, making the interior space spacious and comfortable. The front and rear wheel tracks are 1644mm, ensuring driving stability. The tire size is 245/50 R20, and it is matched with an exquisite wheel rim design, which not only enhances the visual impact of the vehicle, but also brings excellent handling performance to the driver. Overall, the side lines of Xingtu Lanyue not only reflect its luxurious positioning, but also reflect the designer’s careful carving of details.

The interior design of Xingtu Lanyue integrates the perfect fusion of luxury and technology. The exquisite leather steering wheel provides a comfortable grip, supports manual up and down + front and rear adjustment, ensuring the best control experience for the driver. On the center console, a large 15.6-inch screen stands in it, integrating multimedia system, navigation, telephone and air conditioning control, which is convenient to operate and clear information display. The car is equipped with USB and Type-C interfaces, with 2 in the front row and 3 in the back row to meet the multimedia needs of passengers. At the same time, it also supports the wireless charging function of mobile phones, providing additional convenience for drivers.

In terms of seats, Xingtu Lanyue uses advanced leather materials. Whether it is the driver’s seat or the passenger seat, it supports front and rear adjustment, backrest adjustment and high and low adjustment to provide excellent comfort. The main driver’s seat is also equipped with heating and ventilation functions, as well as electric memory function, which further enhances the luxury experience of the ride. The second row of seats also supports front and rear adjustment and backrest adjustment to meet the needs of different passengers, and the rear seats can be reclined proportionally, providing high spatial flexibility. The overall interior design is designed to provide users with a luxurious, intelligent and comfortable ride experience.

Xingtu Lanyue is equipped with a powerful 2.0T turbocharged engine with a maximum power of 192 kilowatts and a maximum torque of 400 Nm, which can bring a surging power output to the driver. This engine is paired with an 8-speed manual transmission to ensure a smooth shift experience and high-efficiency performance, fully meeting the driver’s expectations for power and handling.

In general, the Starway Lanyue has undoubtedly won the love of many fans with its unique design charm and the domineering front face described by the owner. It not only shows the perfect combination of power and elegance in appearance, but also meets the expectations of consumers for luxury SUVs. For those drivers who pursue individuality and quality, the Starway Lanyue is undoubtedly a reliable choice.

　　　　 What is the quickest way to learn about the World Swimming Championships? Of course, it is concerned about "official Weibo of CCTV Swimming World Championships". Not only well-known guests bring interpretation of live events; Every morning and evening, the Weibo newspaper brings highlights; Every day, topics will be launched to interact with netizens, and netizens will have the opportunity to receive Li Ning gift packages.
In addition, Weibo Group brings together CCTV-related celebrity Weibo for you. Including Zhang Bin, the host of the Swimming Pool, Sha Tong, Tong Kexin, Shao Shengyi, Han Qiaosheng, CCTV correspondent Wang Ping and others.

The key to the development of media integration lies in the integration of people.

On February 19th, three years ago, the Supreme Leader went to the People’s Daily, Xinhua News Agency and CCTV for field research, and presided over a symposium on the Party’s news and public opinion work. At the meeting, he gave a heartfelt speech, which provided the journalists with a fundamental direction to follow and move forward. The phrase "study hard, exercise more, and strive to become an all-media and expert talent" makes journalists deeply realize the ardent expectation of the General Secretary … …

From holding a symposium to face-to-face communication with journalists, to going deep into the front line of news production to understanding the actual situation, and then sending a congratulatory letter to warmly encourage practitioners, the supreme leader cares about the growth and progress of journalists under the all-media wave and puts forward stricter requirements and higher expectations for everyone.

Politically, the supreme leader reminded everyone to "find the right coordinate positioning around the center and serve the overall situation, bearing in mind social responsibility";

In terms of business, the Supreme Leader encouraged everyone to make continuous efforts towards new goals, "constantly enhance their feet, eyesight, brain power and writing ability", "be a journalist with exquisite business" and "solve ‘ Skill panic ’ Problems, really become an expert in using new means and methods of modern media ";

In terms of style, the supreme leader warned everyone to be strict with themselves, "dive down, sink down, take root at the grassroots level", "examine the truth, tell the truth, move the truth, and strive to produce works with thought, temperature and quality";

… …

On February 19, 2016, the top leader went to the central news unit for investigation. The picture shows the top leader taking a photo with the staff of People’s Daily People’s Daily.

Enthusiastic words, earnest hope.

Inspiring and inspiring.

"The important speech of the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has given the direction and set the overall situation for the development of the media, which has made us more confident, bigger and more emboldened." This is the sincere confession of a person in charge of a county-level media center, and it is also the inner monologue of thousands of journalists in Qian Qian.

On the new journey, bearing in mind the earnest entrustment of the Supreme Leader’s General Secretary, a large number of all-media reporters who "can write with pen, speak with barrel and shoot with machine" are gradually emerging, walking at the grassroots level, going to the frontier and entering the military camp, with footprints all over the country.

"Network Media Defence Tour", "Beautiful China Yangtze River Tour", "New Era and New Chapter" and "New Era • The theme publicity activities such as "Happy and Beautiful New Frontier" vividly show the fiery practice of various localities and departments and the moving scene of "rolling up your sleeves and cheering" in all walks of life. At the same time, the "National Album" "Look! This is a series of media works with wide spread, high click and good reputation, such as my military uniform photo, Pursuing the initial heart of the Supreme Leader General Secretary, and The Road of Public Servants.

Guided by the all-media concept of the Supreme Leader General Secretary, the media people in the new era are creating high-quality news products with great creative enthusiasm, and constantly tempering "foot strength, eyesight, brain power and pen power" in the test of media integration, stepping on the rhythm of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and writing the chapter of the times.

Image source: Xinhuanet, People’s Network

　　At 8 o’clock every day, CCTV will sort out the big and small things that happened around us within 24 hours.

　　[concern]

　　Can "formula powder" solve infant allergies? The official announcement has come.

　　In response to the claims of Ningbo Teyi Food Co., Ltd. and Qingdao Jindayang Dairy Co., Ltd. that the "formula powder" produced can solve the problems of infant allergy, the State Administration of Market Supervision recently issued a notice on violations of laws and regulations, requiring local market supervision departments to quickly investigate the strictness. At present, relevant formula powder products and packaging materials have been seized according to law, and enterprises have been ordered to stop production and recall products.

　　According to the investigation, Ningbo Teyi Food Co., Ltd. and Qingdao Jindayang Dairy Co., Ltd. have not obtained the registration and production license of formula food for special medical use. According to the Food Safety Law, Advertising Law and other laws and regulations, Hangzhou Bay Branch of Ningbo Municipal Market Supervision Bureau and Huangdao District Market Supervision Bureau of Qingdao investigated and dealt with the above two enterprises respectively, and issued a notice of correction, ordering enterprises to immediately stop publishing information suspected of false propaganda, stop production and rectification, immediately recall related products, and file an investigation according to law. The market supervision department conducted a sampling inspection of the formula powder products seized and detained. After inspection, except for the product label, other items meet the requirements of the product label express standard.

　　According to reports, the State Administration of Market Supervision will urge the market supervision departments of relevant provinces to further strengthen supervision and management of ordinary food production enterprises that contain the words "biology", "medicine", "science and technology", "health care" and "high-tech" in their enterprise names and obtain production licenses for beverages, candy products, tea substitutes and other foods, and whose products are likely to mislead consumers and confuse them with formula foods for special medical purposes, infant formula foods and health foods.

　　[domestic]

　　The 2019 national college entrance examination ended on the 9 th, and the release time was intensively announced in various places.

　　On the 9th, with the last day of exams coming to an end in Xinjiang, Heilongjiang and other places, the national college entrance examination in 2019 came to an end, and many places will enter the marking time intensively. The scanning and marking of answer sheets in Shandong Province began on June 9 and ended on June 20. In addition, the release time of college entrance examinations in various places has also been announced one after another. Among them, Sichuan plans to announce the results on the evening of June 22; Beijing, Hubei, Jiangxi, Anhui, Guangxi and Hebei are scheduled for June 23; Xinjiang and Jilin are scheduled for June 24; Shandong is scheduled for June 25; Candidates from Henan, Hunan and Guangdong can check their scores from June 25th.

　　Ministry of Public Security: During the Dragon Boat Festival, more than 580,000 drunk drivers were found and more than 4,000 candidates were escorted.

　　The Traffic Management Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security announced on the 9th that during the Dragon Boat Festival, the national public security traffic control departments investigated and dealt with more than 580,000 serious illegal acts such as drunk driving. All localities have provided escort services for more than 20,000 centralized vehicles, and urgently escorted more than 4,000 candidates who forgot to bring their certificates and other special circumstances to the examination room.

　　The two departments urgently launched the national level IV emergency response to the rainstorm and flood disaster in Jiangxi.

　　According to the official Weibo news of the Emergency Management Department, at 10: 00 on June 9, the National Disaster Reduction Committee and the Emergency Management Department launched the national level IV emergency response to the severe rainstorm and flood disaster in Ji ‘an and Shangrao, Jiangxi Province, and sent a working group to the disaster area to inspect the disaster situation on the spot and guide and assist the local authorities in disaster relief. At the same time, the Emergency Management Department urgently allocated 2,000 tents, 10,000 folding beds and 20,000 quilts and other central relief materials to the disaster-stricken areas to support the basic livelihood of the affected people.

　　110 major grain-producing counties in Henan received 3.39 billion yuan in financial awards.

　　Henan Provincial Department of Finance reported on the 9th that in order to improve the interest compensation mechanism in major grain-producing areas and alleviate the financial difficulties of major grain-producing counties, Henan Provincial Finance recently issued 3.39 billion yuan of incentive funds for major grain-producing counties in 2019 to encourage all localities to continue to do a good job in grain production. A total of 110 major grain-producing counties in the province were rewarded.

　　The open flames on the south and west lines of Midu Mountain Fire in Dali, Yunnan Province have all been extinguished.

　　The Information Office of the People’s Government of Midu County, Dali Prefecture, Yunnan Province reported on the 9th that after fighting all night, the open flames on the south and west lines of Midu Mountain Fire have been completely extinguished, and the northeast fire line was completely closed at 08: 40 on the 9th, and now the residual fire is being cleaned up.

　　On the 10th, the cancellation registration of Beijing real estate mortgage can be handled online.

　　From June 10th, the cancellation registration of Beijing real estate mortgage can be handled online.

　　Recently, the Beijing Municipal Planning and Natural Resources Commission, the Beijing Supervision Bureau of the Bank of China Insurance Regulatory Commission and the Beijing Housing Provident Fund Management Center jointly issued the Notice on Online Cancellation of Mortgage Registration, and jointly launched online cancellation of mortgage registration of real estate. Applicants can submit applications online, and staff can review them online to realize online processing.

　　The new Beijing Archives opens.

　　On June 9th, the 12th International Archives Day, the new Beijing Archives was officially opened to the public. The new building has 10 floors above ground and 2 floors underground, with a building area of 115,000 square meters. It integrates many functions such as file collection and storage, access and utilization, exhibition and display, historical data research and public service. In the future, the public will be able to screen and access all kinds of important documents and archives in Beijing’s development since the Republic of China.

　　[international]

　　Turn over the old bottom? The popular candidate for the new British prime minister was exposed to drug abuse.

　　As the battle between the leader of the Conservative Party and the Prime Minister heats up, the media exposed the drug abuse experience of Michael Gove, the British Minister of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. As one of the popular candidates for the new party leader, Goff deeply regrets the "mistake" he made when he was young, and hopes it will not affect his competition.

　　The British media quoted Goff as saying that he was young and used cocaine in social situations when he was a reporter. "That’s a mistake. Looking back, I wish I hadn’t done that, "Goff said." That was 20 years ago, yes, it was a mistake. However, I don’t think that all kinds of mistakes made in the past will disqualify people (working in the present and future). "

　　Export poll: the current president of Kazakhstan won 70.13% of the votes.

　　Export polls show that the current President of Kazakhstan Tokayev won 70.13% of the votes in the presidential election held on the 9th. Kazakhstan held a presidential election on the 9th, and a total of seven candidates stood for election. According to Kazakhstan’s relevant laws, a candidate who won more than 50% of the votes in the presidential election was elected president for a term of five years.

　　American Airlines: Extend the grounding time of Boeing 737MAX to September 3rd.

　　The Boeing 737-Max grounding storm is still fermenting! According to Reuters news, American Airlines announced on the 9th local time that it would extend the grounding time of Boeing 737MAX aircraft to September 3rd, and grounded 115 daily flights.

　　The Queen’s official birthday parade, the little prince Louis frequently "steals the mirror"

　　On the official birthday of Queen Elizabeth II, a military parade was held in Britain. Members of the royal family watched the Air Force performance on the balcony of Buckingham Palace and paid tribute to the masses. During this period, Prince William and Kate’s youngest son, Prince Louis, frequently waved "stealing the mirror".

　　"Illegal construction" for 137 years! Sagrada Familia in Spain finally got the permit.

　　Sagrada Familia Cathedral (also known as Sagrada Familia) is a masterpiece of Spanish architect Gaudi. Construction began in 1882, attracting more than 4 million tourists every year, and was listed on the World Heritage List by UNESCO in 2005. So far, however, there is no record to show whether the cathedral has ever obtained a construction permit. This means that this iconic attraction has been "illegally operated" for more than a century. Sagrada Familia recently issued a statement saying that after 137 years, the Barcelona City Council finally granted a legal construction permit, and the church is expected to be completed in 2026, the centenary of Gaudi’s death.

　　Society

　　Suzhou University responded that the graduation ceremony is limited to graduates’ representatives: it has been changed to all students.

　　On the 9th, Suzhou University issued the Notice on Adjusting the Graduation Ceremony Plan of Suzhou University in 2019 through its official Weibo, aiming at the previously questioned issue that "the graduation ceremony is only attended by graduates’ representatives", indicating that the number of graduation ceremonies and degree awarding ceremonies will be increased, so that all graduates of 2019 can attend.

　　Recently, some students from Suzhou University revealed on the Internet that Suzhou University is scheduled to hold a graduation ceremony at the Enling Art Center in Dushu Lake Campus on June 21st, and the audience of the ceremony is "representatives of the 2019 graduates", not all graduates. After the incident was exposed, it immediately triggered a heated discussion among all parties. Many people think that Suzhou University’s move is unfair to treat students differently.

　　Jinan Rural Commercial Bank responded that "the loss of assets is 3 billion": the other party’s defamation has been reported.

　　Recently, an article entitled "Real Name Report of Shandong Department-level Cadres’ fornication and Bank Assets Loss of nearly 3 billion yuan" attracted attention. The whistleblower claimed to be the deputy supervisor of Jinan Rural Commercial Bank. In the article, he accused Wang Moumou, the current party secretary and director of Qingdao Banking Regulatory Bureau, and Ding Moumou, the former deputy director of Shandong Associated Press, of having lifestyle problems and being suspected of abusing his power. He also pointed out that Li Moumou, then vice minister of Jinan Rural Commercial Bank, privately engraved the official seal of Jinan Rural Commercial Bank and was suspected of defrauding 3 billion. On June 9, Jinan Rural Commercial Bank responded that this article fabricated the facts and the relevant victims had reported the case.

　　12-year-old female student died after running away from home. School: No school bullying.

　　A girl from Jiangya Town Middle School in Cili County died after running away from home. There are clues that the girl was subjected to school bullying. Recently, Jiangya Town Middle School conducted a comprehensive survey and concluded that the girl had not suffered from school bullying. The Cili County Education Bureau will review the findings in the near future.

　　Students in Hengshui No.1 Middle School stabbed their classmates to death, which has been controlled by the police.

　　According to the notification from WeChat WeChat official account of Jizhou District Public Security Bureau in Hengshui City, Hebei Province on June 9, a campus injury case occurred in a middle school in Jizhou District on the afternoon of June 8, 2019. After a preliminary investigation by the public security organs, Yuan Mou, a student of the school, stabbed his classmate Ye Mou because of a dispute. The victim Yemou was immediately sent to the Sixth People’s Hospital of Hengshui City for medical treatment and died after being rescued.

　　At present, the suspect Yuan has been under the control of the police and the case is under investigation.

　　The two bought the same high-speed rail ticket 12306: it may be a machine failure.

　　On June 8, Beijing South Railway Station, Ms. Pang and her husband took the G497 train. When they got on the train, they found that the seats on the ticket were occupied. After negotiating with the passengers in the seat, Ms. Pang found that their tickets were exactly the same as those in her hand except that their ID cards and names were different. 12306 responded that it may be caused by machine failure. Finally, Ms. Pang was arranged to another carriage.

　　The woman forcibly entered the station and refused to take out dangerous goods and said, "Are you forced to try?"

　　Recently, at Beijing South Railway Station, a woman’s luggage has a self-spraying pressure tank container, which is limited to carry. The security inspector pointed out that further inspection is needed. The woman refused to cooperate with the forced entry and claimed, "Are you forced to try?" After the police arrived, the communication was fruitless many times. During the disposal, the woman shouted and kicked the police. The woman was finally administratively detained for 7 days.

　　[face]

　　[Miao Xiaohong] Returning to the blue sky at the age of 82, what are the stories behind "hardcore grandma"?

　　Recently, the news that the 82-year-old female pilot flew back to the blue sky appeared in major media, causing concern. Miao Xiaohong, who completed this flight, is the second batch of pilots in New China. She retired in 1989 and has been away from the pilot cabin for 30 years. Because of her return to the blue sky this time, 82-year-old Miao Xiaohong set the record for the oldest flight in China. There was a constant discussion on the Internet, and everyone called her "hardcore grandmother".

　　[Zhou Dexin] The 51-year-old Xiamen University security guard will receive a bachelor’s degree by passing more than 40 exams in five years.

　　Zhou Dexin, a 51-year-old native of Chongqing, worked as a soldier, studied clothing in a technical school and worked as a security guard at Xiamen University in 2013. During the day, he is the "uncle of skipping class" in the eyes of his classmates; At night, he is the "guardian" of Xiamen University campus. In this way, Zhou Dexin worked in black and white shifts, passed more than 40 exams in five years, and will soon get a bachelor’s degree in law from Xiamen University (adult higher education). He said that in half a month, he will attend the annual graduation ceremony of Xiamen University.

　　[Zhao Siqi] A 17-year-old girl from Hebei gave up the college entrance examination to donate bone marrow to save her mother.

　　Zhao Siqi is a native of Menzhuang Village, Fucheng County, Hengshui City, Hebei Province. He is the oldest child in the family. He is a senior three this year and will soon take the college entrance examination. She also has a younger sister who is in Grade One, and a younger brother who is only 7 years old. A family of five lives on her father’s part-time job. In order to allow her mother with acute leukemia to have surgery as soon as possible, Zhao Siqi chose to give up the college entrance examination and donate bone marrow to save her mother. She said, "The college entrance examination can be repeated, but her mother’s life is only once!"

　　See you at 8 o’clock tomorrow!

The Beijing News (Reporter Li Yifan) Yesterday (June 24th), the article "How did 40 million poor counties spend" was screened on the Internet, which made Wanquan District of Zhangjiakou (originally Wanquan County, a local poor county) be pushed to the forefront.

　

Chen Xi, the author of the article, reported in real name that Wanquan District invested 40 million yuan to shoot a water curtain film, and he was the director of the film. "But after subcontracting at different levels, the actual shooting and production expenses were only 1.35 million yuan, and his project funds were owed."

　

On the evening of June 24, Chen Xi told the Beijing News reporter that the film was broadcast in August last year. After the report article was issued, it attracted attention. "The arrears were settled immediately."

　

According to the reports of official website and many local media, this project was declared to have invested more than 40 million yuan.

　

The Beijing News reporter searched the China government procurement website and found that the project "Water Curtain Film and Music Fountain Equipment Procurement", which was purchased and tendered by Wanquan District Bureau of Culture, Tourism, Sports, Radio, Film and Television, had a budget of only "19.98 million yuan".

　

Minister Xie, the propaganda department of Wanquan District Committee, responded to the Beijing News reporter last night and said that he was verifying the matter with Wanquan District Radio and Television Bureau.

　

Today (June 25th), Wanquan district government reported that the project involved has not been completed, and an investigation team has been set up on the "subcontracting of water curtain film projects at different levels", which is under further investigation and will be seriously investigated according to law after verification.

The online post titled "How did 40 million in poverty-stricken counties spend?" The author of the article, Chen Xi, said that he was involved in directing a water curtain film with a cost of 40 million and a duration of 30 minutes in the district. After subcontracting at different levels, he was in arrears with the project payment. Screenshot of the reporter’s public article

　

After the director’s real name report, the arrears have been settled.

　

Yesterday afternoon, an online post titled "How did 40 million poor counties spend it?" The author Chen Xi said that he was involved in directing a water curtain film that cost 40 million yuan and lasted for 30 minutes. After the project is subcontracted layer by layer, it is in arrears with the project payment.

　

The Beijing News reporter noted that the "poverty-stricken county" referred to in the title of the article was Wanquan District of Zhangjiakou City, and it was Wanquan County before the county was removed from the district. According to Hebei News Network, on May 5, 2019, the Hebei provincial government issued a notice officially approving 18 key poverty alleviation and development counties such as Wanquan District to withdraw from the poverty-stricken counties.

　

WeChat official account, the "Shadow Angel" who published the above article, has the account subject of "Beijing Shangwei Xiyuan Technology Co., Ltd." and the legal representative of the company is Chen Xi.

　

Chen Xi said in the article that Wanquan County (now Wanquan District), a "poverty-stricken county" in Hebei Province, invested 40 million yuan to make a water curtain film, some of which were budgeted to buy equipment, and the budget for filming was 12.6 million yuan. Then the person who got the budget outsourced the project with 4 million yuan, the contractor subcontracted it with 2.2 million yuan, and then the contractor subcontracted it with 1.65 million yuan, and finally the contractor subcontracted it with 1.35 million yuan.

　

In this paper, Chen Xi disclosed the real name of the project being subcontracted layer by layer. He said that after the project was handled by "Yan Ju, Fang Jiao, Liu Jintao, Wang Haiyang and Li Liang" in turn, the project funds were cut layer by layer. In the post, Chen Xi also published photos of contractors at all levels and their own work.

　

At the end of the article, it was written that the project was finally filmed by a team of Tsinghua graduate students and himself, but the 1.35 million yuan was not settled, so he reported all the "brokers" under his real name.

　

Last night, the Beijing News reporter contacted Chen Xi, the author of the article, who said that the water curtain film had been broadcast after it was filmed at the end of August 2018. Chen Xi said: "After the article was sent out, I paid the money in the afternoon. I worked at the bottom, and my last company asked me to delete the article." The Beijing News reporter noted that the article has been deleted.

　

Chen Xi said that as the executor of the project, he has always been in contact with the last company and has never been in contact with government departments.

On September 3, 2018, the official of the People’s Government of Wanquan District of Zhangjiakou City published an article entitled "Large-scale laser water curtain show" Youwei Wanquan Gyeonggi Pearl Dream Night Banquet ",claiming that the project" invested more than 40 million yuan ". Official website screenshot

　

Government officials and local media have declared that "the project investment is 40 million"

　

It is this water curtain film project known as "investing 40 million yuan" that involved Wanquan District of Zhangjiakou City in the whirlpool of public opinion. How did the project start? Where did the funds come from and how were they used? Aroused the attention of netizens.

　

The Beijing News reporter found that the official website of Wanquan District Government of Zhangjiakou City published an article entitled "Large Laser Water Curtain Show" on September 3, 2018.<佑卫万全·京畿明珠梦幻夜宴>"The article.

　

This paper introduces the broadcast of this "water curtain movie" in detail: On the evening of August 31, 2018, after the wonderful end of the large-scale cultural performance "Meet Wanquan", the cool and radiant large-scale laser water curtain show "Youwei Wanquan Gyeonggi Pearl Dream Banquet" bloomed in Chengxi River.

　

According to the article, the performance is a new tourism format based on the original landscape of Chengxi River. The project investment is more than 40 million yuan, and the design is based on the theme of the eagle spreading its wings, which symbolizes the booming development trend of Zhangjiakou. The musical fountain is 110m long and 20m wide. It uses the most advanced water show technology in the world, such as 3D high-definition laser projection water curtain movie, high-power full-color laser scanning numerical control rocking fountain, frequency conversion running spring and so on. Various patterns and color beams shine on the crystal clear fountain water curtain, presenting a dreamlike world.

　

According to the above article, the whole water curtain show is divided into five chapters: the foolproof Gyeonggi Fortress, the Silk Road Corridor where thousands of merchants gather, the famous cultural city where Vientiane is in full bloom, the open new area shared by all, and the ice and snow stage where thousands of people dream. "Show the historical development chapter of Zhangjiakou and Wanquan in the form of lighting stunts, and strive to present a visual feast to the people of the city."

　

According to the local information in Zhangjiakou from the media "Wanquan Life Circle", the water curtain film was broadcast on time at 8 o’clock every night for 30 minutes, which lasted until the end of September this year.

　

It is worth noting that in addition to the article of Wanquan District Government, the investment in this film project was disclosed, and many local media, including Zhangjiakou Daily, also reported on this project, all of which declared that "the investment was more than 40 million yuan".

The Beijing News reporter searched the China government procurement website and found that the project "Water Curtain Film and Music Fountain Equipment Procurement", which was purchased and tendered by the Wanquan District Bureau of Culture, Tourism, Sports, Radio, Film and Television, Zhangjiakou City, had a budget of only "19.98 million yuan". Screenshot of China Government Procurement Network

　

Water curtain film and equipment procurement bidding "budget 19.98 million"

　

In the report, Chen Xi said that of the 40 million yuan investment, "most of it was used for hardware facilities, including fountains, lighting, audio and video, observation platforms, laser projection, etc., and was responsible for finding Wuhan Chukun Culture and Technology Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as" Chukun Company ") with the qualification of their company and signing a contract with the government, and the funds were taken from Chukun Company, and 12.8 million yuan was allocated for film shooting."

　

Today (June 25th) afternoon, the Beijing News reporter inquired about two contact numbers registered by Chukun Company in the industrial and commercial department.

　

One of the mobile phones was answered by a woman who claimed to have nothing to do with the company. Her phone has been used for more than 10 years. It is not clear why her phone was registered by the company. In addition, she has been receiving calls from the company recently. Another registered landline number was never answered.

The Beijing News reporter searched the China Municipal Government Procurement Network and found an announcement-"Public Bidding Announcement for Water Curtain Film and Music Fountain Equipment Procurement Project in Wanquan District".

　

The announcement shows that the procurement project is "Water Curtain Film and Music Fountain Equipment Procurement", and the procurement unit is "Wanquan District Culture, Tourism, Sports, Radio, Film and Television Press and Publication Bureau (hereinafter referred to as Wanquan District Radio and Television Bureau)". The announcement time is 17: 31 on May 8, 2018, and the budget amount is "19.98 million yuan (RMB)".

　

The Beijing News reporter found that the budget of the project was lower than the "investment of more than 40 million yuan" publicly declared by local officials in official website.

　

Today, the Beijing News reporter called the contact number of the project announced in the announcement, and the voice prompt "The number you dialed does not exist". The telephone number of the purchasing unit publicized is "stopped". The public notice shows that the procurement agency of this project is Zhangjiakou Mingzheng Bidding Agency Co., Ltd.. The telephone number of the advertised agency, "The number does not exist".

　

Subsequently, the Beijing News reporter inquired about the contact information of a purchaser of Wanquan Radio and Television Bureau through public channels. This afternoon, when inquiring about the bidding situation of the project, the purchasing contact person said, "This was an announcement last year, and I didn’t take care of it. I did it before I came. I didn’t come until July last year. The details are not clear." Then he hung up.

　

This afternoon, the Beijing News reporter inquired that the "Bid Announcement" published by China Government Procurement Network on May 30, 2018 showed that the bid-winning date of "Water Curtain Film and Music Fountain Equipment Procurement" was May 29, and the total bid-winning amount was "19,926,649 yuan (RMB)". However, the announcement did not announce the bidding company and the final winning company.

According to the "Announcement of Winning Bid" published by China Government Procurement Network on May 30, 2018, the date of winning the bid for "Water Curtain Film and Music Fountain Equipment Procurement" was May 29, the day before the publicity, and the total winning bid amount was "19,926,649 yuan (RMB)". Screenshot of China Government Procurement Network

　

Response: An investigation team has been set up on subcontracting.

　

Last night, the Beijing News reporter called the propaganda department of Wanquan District Committee, Minister Xie, and asked whether the district spent 40 million yuan to shoot a 30-minute water curtain film. The other party responded that there was indeed a water curtain film project, "but we still don’t know what he (Chen Xi) posted."

　

The minister surnamed Xie stressed to the Beijing News reporter, "We just saw this post, and the leaders attached great importance to it and asked our propaganda department and radio and television department to verify the situation. We are verifying it and have no results yet."

　

Minister Xie promised to the Beijing News reporter that the investigation of this matter will be notified to the outside world, and the release channel is to be determined.

Today, the Wanquan District Government of Zhangjiakou City reported that an investigation team has been set up on the "subcontracting of water curtain film projects at different levels", which will be seriously investigated and dealt with according to law after verification. Zhangjiakou released a screenshot of the public number.

　

Today (June 25) morning, the Beijing News reporter learned from Wanquan District Government that yesterday, the district immediately launched an investigation into the "subcontracting of water curtain film projects in Wanquan District". The preliminary investigation and verification are hereby reported as follows: In order to develop the suburban tourism industry, the "Water Curtain Film" project was implemented in this district in 2018, which mainly includes the infrastructure construction of Chengxi River, water curtain film shooting, etc. At present, the project has not been completed.

　

The Wanquan district government said that an investigation team has been set up to investigate the subcontracting problems reflected by the poster in the filming process, and it is being further investigated. After verification, it will be seriously investigated according to law.

　

As the director of the film, Chen Xi’s arrears of "45,000 yuan have been settled".　

　

Beijing News reporter Li Yifan Editor Bai Ben proofreads Li Xiangling.

　　CCTV News:According to the website of the Central Meteorological Observatory, it is estimated that there will be heavy rain or heavy rain in parts of north-central Shaanxi, south-central Shanxi, southern Hebei, northern Henan, central and western Shandong, eastern Qinghai, eastern and southern Gansu, eastern Heilongjiang and northwestern Sichuan Basin from 08: 00 to 28: 00 on July 27. In the next three days, there will be high temperature above 35℃ in the southeastern part of northwest China, the central and western parts of Huanghuai, Sichuan Basin, Jianghan, Jianghuai, Jiangnan and most parts of South China.

　　Heavy rain occurred in Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Lu Yu and other places.

　　Yesterday, there were scattered rainstorms or heavy rains in southeastern Gansu, northwestern Shaanxi, south-central Shanxi, Cangzhou, Hebei, central and eastern Shandong, northern Henan and northwestern Sichuan Basin. The local rainfall in Dingxi, Gansu, Jincheng, Shanxi, Luoyang, Henan and Mianyang, Sichuan was 140-158 mm, and the maximum hourly rainfall intensity in the above areas was 60-90 mm.

　　Yesterday, high temperature weather above 35℃ occurred from the south of Huanghuai to South China, Sichuan Basin, central and southern Shaanxi, 40 ~ 42℃ in northern Jiangnan and parts of Chongqing and Shaanxi Guanzhong, and 43℃ in Xunyang, Shaanxi; Four counties and cities broke the historical extreme value, and 36 counties and cities broke the July extreme value; The affected area of high temperature is about 2.18 million square kilometers, an increase of 470,000 square kilometers over the previous day.

　　Key weather forecast

　　1. Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shandong and other places have strong rainfall.

　　Affected by the low-level shear system around the subtropical high, there was a strong precipitation process in the central and eastern parts of northwest China, north China, central and northern Huanghuai and other places from 27th to 29th, with moderate to heavy rain in some areas and local heavy rain or heavy rain. It is estimated that from 08: 00 on July 27 to 08: 00 on July 28, there will be heavy rain or rainstorm in parts of central and northern Shaanxi, central and southern Shanxi, southern Hebei, northern Henan, central and western Shandong, eastern Qinghai, eastern and southern Gansu, eastern Heilongjiang and northwestern Sichuan Basin, among which there will be heavy rain (100-140 mm) in central Shaanxi and southwestern Shanxi. There is short-term heavy precipitation in some of the above areas, accompanied by strong convective weather such as thunderstorms and strong winds. The maximum hourly rain intensity can reach 20 ~ 50 mm, and the local area exceeds 60 mm (see Figure 1). The Central Meteorological Observatory continued to issue a blue rainstorm warning at 06: 00 on July 27.

　　Fig. 1 Forecast Map of Heavy Rainfall in China (08: 00 on July 27th-08: 00 on July 28th)

　　The high temperature in Jiangnan Jianghuai and other places continues

　　Affected by the subtropical high, in the next three days, there will be high temperature weather above 35℃ in the southeastern part of northwest China, the central and western parts of Huanghuai, Sichuan Basin, Jianghan, Jianghuai, Jiangnan and most of southern China, among which the highest temperature in some areas of central and southern Shaanxi, central and southern Huanghuai, Jianghan, Jianghuai, Jiangnan and eastern Sichuan Basin can reach 37 ~ 39℃, and the local temperature can exceed 40℃. The Central Meteorological Observatory continued to issue a high-temperature orange warning at 06: 00 on July 27th (see Figure 2).

　　Fig. 2 National Forecast Map of High Temperature Falling Area (08: 00 -20: 00 on July 27th)

　　Future specific forecast

　　From 08: 00 on the 27th to 08: 00 on the 28th, there was heavy rainfall in Shanxi, Shaanxi and other places. There are heavy rains or rainstorms in parts of north-central Shaanxi, south-central Shanxi, southern Hebei, northern Henan, central and western Shandong, eastern Qinghai, eastern and southern Gansu, eastern Heilongjiang and northwestern Sichuan Basin, among which there are heavy rains (100-140 mm) in central Shaanxi and southwestern Shanxi. There is short-term heavy precipitation in some of the above areas, accompanied by strong convective weather such as thunderstorms and strong winds. The maximum hourly rain intensity can reach 20 ~ 50 mm, and the local area exceeds 60 mm (see Figure 3).

　　Figure 3 National Precipitation Forecast Chart (08: 00 on July 27th-08: 00 on July 28th)

　　From 08: 00 on the 28th to 08: 00 on the 29th, there was still heavy rainfall in Shanxi, Shaanxi. There are moderate to heavy rains in central Shanxi, most of Shaanxi, western Yunnan, Hainan Island, southeastern Qinghai and southern Tibet. Among them, there are heavy rains (50 ~ 60 mm) in central Shanxi and central Shaanxi. There is short-term heavy precipitation in some of the above areas, accompanied by strong convective weather such as thunderstorms and strong winds (see Figure 4).

　　Figure 4 National Precipitation Forecast Chart (08: 00 on July 28th-08: 00 on July 29th)

　　From 08: 00 on the 29th to 08: 00 on the 30th, there was still heavy rainfall in southwestern Shaanxi and northwestern Henan. There are moderate to heavy rains in parts of southwestern Shaanxi and southern North China, among which there are heavy rains (50-90 mm) in southwestern Shaanxi and northwestern Henan; In addition, due to the influence of typhoon "Nasha", there was heavy rain in southern Taiwan Province, with local heavy rain (100 ~ 120 mm); There is short-term heavy precipitation in some of the above areas, accompanied by strong convective weather such as thunderstorms and strong winds, and there are 5 ~ 6 northeast winds in the Taiwan Province Strait (see Figure 5).

　　Figure 5 National Precipitation Forecast Chart (08: 00 on July 29-08: 00 on July 30)

　　Influence and concern

　　1. Pay attention to the strong rainfall process in the eastern part of Northwest China, North China, northern Huanghuai and other places to prevent the adverse effects of local heavy rainfall and strong convective weather;

　　2. Pay attention to the continuous high temperature weather and its adverse effects in Huanghuai, Jianghuai, Jianghan, Jiangnan, Sichuan Basin and Shaanxi Guanzhong;

　　3. Pay attention to the trend and influence of Typhoon No.9 "Nasha";

　　4. Pay attention to the trend and influence of meteorological drought in Huanghuai, Jianghuai, northeastern Inner Mongolia, western Heilongjiang and western Jilin.

Original global intelligence agent, global intelligence agent

Japan abolished the lunar calendar

Author | Blue Sky and Clear Away

Editor | ｜Thomas

The custom of celebrating the Lunar New Year (Spring Festival) originated in China and spread to neighboring countries with the strength of ancient China. Up to now, the Spring Festival has become a common festival of China, South Korea, North Korea and Vietnam, which are "cultural circles of Chinese characters".

Times have changed. Chinese characters have withdrawn from the social life of the Korean Peninsula and Viet Nam, but the Spring Festival and many festivals originating in China have been preserved to this day.

Japan still retains a large number of Chinese characters in its writing system, but in 1873 it abolished the lunar calendar, which has been used for thousands of years, and switched to the solar calendar (modern Gregorian calendar). Since then, the Japanese no longer celebrate the Lunar New Year.

▲ Vietnamese Spring Festival

The lunar calendar has been abolished, but the Japanese custom of celebrating the New Year has not disappeared. Celebrating the New Year is still an important activity for the Japanese people. After changing the calendar, Japan took the Gregorian New Year (January 1st) as the fixed date of "Japanese Spring Festival", which has been nearly a century and a half. Although the modern Gregorian calendar is implemented in China today, the lunar calendar and lunar festivals are still preserved.

So, what are the deep-seated considerations for Japan to abolish the Lunar New Year and the Lunar New Year? What are the traditional marks of the Japanese Spring Festival?

▲ Japanese-style "buy new year"

* For the convenience of readers, the "Spring Festival" in this article refers to the Lunar New Year, not the "Japanese Spring Festival".

First, the common festival of Chinese character cultural circle

Calendar is a calculation method to determine the length of time unit such as year, month and day. The current calendar system is mainly divided into three types: solar calendar, lunar calendar and yin-yang calendar.

The solar calendar takes the sun as the reference, that is, the earth revolves around the sun for one year. Most of the year is divided into 12 months, with a length of about 365 days.

At present, the modern Gregorian calendar (Gregorian calendar), which is widely used in the world, is a typical solar calendar. The Iranian calendar used in Iran, the julian calendar promulgated during the Roman Empire and widely used in Europe before the 17th century are all representatives of the solar calendar.

▲ The solar calendar is based on the sun.

The lunar calendar takes the moon as the reference, and the moon revolves around the earth for one month. The ancients judged whether the moon revolves for one week by observing the changes of the lunar surface (that is, the phase of the moon).

The lunar calendar is also divided into 12 months a year, with a length of only about 354 days. The Islamic calendar widely used in the Middle East is a typical lunar calendar.

The lunar calendar of Yin and Yang defines the length of the year based on the revolution of the earth around the sun, and the month and date depend on the moon. Although the lunar calendar in China is called the lunar calendar, in fact, the lunar calendar in China is a typical combination of yin and yang.

▲ Different moon phases

Calendars are accompanied by corresponding festivals, such as Christmas on December 25 in the western calendar. The birth of the lunar calendar in China is closely related to the ancient farming society, and the 24 solar terms are derived, and the custom of the Spring Festival is related to it.

The embryonic form of the Lunar New Year appeared as early as the Xia Dynasty. The definition of "year" in Shuo Wen Jie Zi is "Gu Shu Ye". The definition of "Year" in the Biography of Guliang is further refined. "All the grains are ripe for a year, and all the grains are ripe for a great year", and "Year" has changed from a simple time unit to a festival.

▲ Oracle Bone Inscriptions in "Year" is a person carrying mature food.

The Qin and Han Dynasties were the earliest unified feudal dynasty in China’s history. The taichu calendar, which was written by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, "took the first month as the beginning of the year", and the custom of Chinese New Year continued to develop and improve. With the expansion of the imperial territory, the custom of Chinese New Year spread from the hinterland of the Central Plains to the surrounding areas.

The ancient Korean Peninsula was closely related to China in politics and culture, and China’s lunar calendar, Spring Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival were introduced into the Korean Peninsula. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the Silla Dynasty, which ruled the peninsula, drew lessons from taichu calendar and formulated its own almanac, and accepted the China Lunar Calendar and many festivals in all directions.

▲ Korean Spring Festival

Northern Viet Nam belonged to China before the 10th century. With the deepening of sinicization, festivals such as the Lunar New Year, the Spring Festival and the Mid-Autumn Festival also have a far-reaching impact here.

Influenced by the geographical environment, the Spring Festival in Korean Peninsula and Viet Nam is different from that in China. The Spring Festival is called "Old Truth" on the Korean Peninsula, and the Korean nation is still white. Most of the Spring Festival couplets and lucky money posted are made of white paper. In ancient times, rice cakes and pickles were the staple foods of the New Year.

▲ Vietnam five fruit plate

The latitude of Vietnam is low, and the custom of Spring Festival is similar to that of Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan-Guizhou regions. Five-fruit bowls made of bananas and oranges, Vietnamese spring rolls and zongzi are even more essential foods for Vietnamese New Year’s Eve dinner.

Due to the barrier of the sea, the connection between Japan and China was relatively weak. Until the 7th century, China’s national strength was at its peak and its culture was prosperous in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Japan sent envoys to China, and Japan was brought into the cultural circle of Chinese characters. The custom of Spring Festival and New Year came to Japan.

▲ Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty

In 692 AD, Japan began to implement the Yuan Jia Li, which was edited by China during the Liu and Song Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties, and the customs of the Lunar New Year and the Spring Festival were introduced to Japan.

In 705 AD, in order to dispel the plague, the Japanese emperor held a "mourning ceremony" in the palace with reference to Zhou Li. The Japanese imitated the "Nuo" that existed in China in the Spring and Autumn Period. This ceremony was originally prepared for the arrival of the Lunar New Year, to drive away ghosts and pray for peace for one year.

▲ Daxie

By the 12th century A.D., the court Nuo ceremony began to decline. Folk furniture is mostly held in monasteries, and it is still in full swing, becoming a part of the preparation for the Spring Festival. In the 15th century, the custom of "changing treasure beans" in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces of China was introduced to Japan, which further simplified the Nuo, and most Japanese civilians changed to scatter beans to exorcise ghosts, which continues to this day.

Like Chinese’s offering sacrifices to the kitchen god, the God of Wealth and other gods on the New Year’s Day, the ancient Japanese also prayed at shrines and temples during the Spring Festival.

▲ Sprinkle beans to exorcise ghosts

After rice cultivation was introduced into Japan, the clan ties based on labor production became stronger and stronger. On the occasion of the Spring Festival, people will have family reunions, offer sacrifices to their ancestors and talk about family ties. "Japan’s Year-old Chronicle" records that "tonight is a night away … family handmaiden, having fun with each other, seeing off the old and welcoming the new".

Since the end of the 12th century, the Japanese samurai class has mastered the real power of the country, and the imperial court in Kyoto has become a political vase. The powerful Yuanlai Dynasty forced the Emperor to appoint himself as the general of conquering foreign countries, and established Kamakura, tokugawa era and Japan.

▲ Kamakura shogunate structure

Despite the political turmoil, the status of the Spring Festival is gradually fixed in Japan. Chinese customs have been localized and transformed, forming the Japanese Spring Festival.

Generally speaking, the custom of Spring Festival is based on the powerful national strength of ancient China and exported to neighboring countries as a representative of cultural soft power. Japan’s connection with China is not as good as that of Vietnam and the Korean Peninsula, and it has not fully accepted all China customs. However, Japan strictly follows the lunar calendar, and its position in the Spring Festival is unshakable. From the 7th century to the 19th century, the Lunar New Year influenced Japanese society for more than a thousand years, witnessing and promoting the development of ancient Japanese society.

▲ The Japanese Spring Festival is closely linked to the lunar calendar.

Second, the Meiji Restoration, Japan abandoned the Lunar New Year

In 1573, the Muromachi shogunate, the second shogunate in Japanese history, perished in the dispute of the Warring States Period in Japan. In order to unify Japan, vassals from all over the world set off a larger-scale war.

At the same time of frequent wars in Japan, Europe is groping its way forward in the long Middle Ages. In 1582, Pope Julius XIII promulgated the Gregorian calendar (the current Gregorian calendar), and the julian calendar promulgated during the Roman Empire was abolished because of the increase in errors. European and American countries gradually changed to the Gregorian calendar in the following centuries, and the Gregorian calendar will be spread to the whole world with the rise of European and American countries.

▲ Well, I’m a little 13th.

In the 17th century, East Asia is undergoing a sky-shaking change. In 1603, Tokugawa Ieyasu established the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo, ending the Warring States Period, which lasted for a hundred years. On the other side of China, the Ming and Qing dynasties changed in 1644, and the Manchu people in Baishan Blackwater became the masters of the Chinese empire.

From 862, the Japanese began to use the Xuanming Calendar compiled by China in the Tang Dynasty, which had been used for about 800 years by the 17th century. As the error increased and the Tokugawa shogunate thought that China had been ruled by barbarians and could no longer be regarded as a cultural power, Japan began to compile its own calendar. In 1685, a Japanese astronomer, Haruhai Sechuan, compiled the first "domestic almanac" in Japanese history-Zhen Xiang Li.

▲ The location of Tokugawa shogunate-Edo

At the end of the 17th century, China, Japan and North Korea all adopted a closed-door policy to prevent rebellion and the infiltration of external forces. Just as Europeans were opening up global trade, East Asia closed its doors to the outside world and gradually fell behind in its development.

After Zhen Xiang Li, Japan successively edited Bao Li Li and Kuan Zheng Li. By 1844 (the 15th year of natural forest protection in Japan), on the basis of combining the latest achievements of western astronomy, Japan issued a new version of the almanac "Natural Forest Protection Calendar". Unexpectedly, this almanac, which took great efforts to complete, was swept into the pile of old paper after only 29 years of use.

▲ Japanese historical stages

On February 13th, 1854, it was the 16th day of the traditional lunar month, and the festive atmosphere of the New Year had not completely dissipated, and there was still a feeling of jubilation in Edo City (now Tokyo).

Suddenly, several black American warships, led by American navy general Matthew Perry, sailed into Edo Bay. Perry, backed by force, forced Japan to sign the unequal Kanagawa Treaty. Russia and other countries are also eyeing Japan, and the cloud of becoming a colony has shrouded this island country.

▲ Perry

People of insight in Japan saw through the decay of the shogunate and determined to overthrow the Tokugawa shogunate. Changzhou, Satsuma and other vassals, which were at odds with the shogunate politically, became the base camp of the anti-curtain faction. The troops sent by the rebels defeated the shogunate army in the battle of Bird Feather and Fujian, and the Tokugawa shogunate fell. The fall of the curtain faction announced that "the great government was returned", and Emperor Meiji, who had just ascended the throne, went to the front desk.

The threat of western invasion led to the Meiji Restoration, and at the same time, China was also carrying out the Westernization Movement. However, the Westernization Movement did not touch the feudal ruling system of the Qing Dynasty, and the reform focused on military and other fields, and the breadth and depth of the reform were not as thorough as that of the Meiji Restoration.

▲ Emperor Meiji

Emperor Meiji, who restored certain powers, was extremely supportive of the reform, which covered many fields such as politics, military affairs, culture and education. Japan’s feudal rule order was broken, production in light industry and other fields flourished, and social atmosphere gradually became civilized.

On November 21, 1872 (October 1, the fifth year of the Meiji period in Tianbaoli), the calendar-awarding trading company established in May of that year obtained the right to sell official calendars, and is selling calendars for the new year in major cities. It has been more than four years since the Meiji Restoration, and the Japanese still use the traditional calendar.

▲ Calendar used in Japan

At the same time as the sales of the almanac were booming, Akira Tsumoto, who was the official official of Taisho, played "Abolishing the Tianbao Calendar and Implementing the Solar Calendar" to the Emperor.

Sakamoto Akira said that the national finance in the early Meiji Restoration was very tight. Limited funds are allocated to various reform undertakings, and the treasury, which is not rich, is about to bottom out.

During the Tokugawa shogunate period, most samurai got rice as an "annual salary" according to their status. After the Meiji Restoration, the samurai class was deprived of its privileges. In order to appease these professional soldiers, the new Meiji government still paid them salaries, but cash replaced rice and the payment method was changed to "monthly payment system".

▲ samurai class

Akira Tsumoto believes that if the old calendar is implemented, it is necessary to pay samurai and other civil servants a monthly salary of 13 months from time to time. This has to say a special problem in the calendar-setting leap.

A year’s time is not an integer, no matter what kind of calendar, there is a difference in time calculation. The lunar calendar in China uses a leap month to make up the time, and there will be 13 months every few years. Most solar calendars adopt leap days, that is, adding one day in individual months to make up for the time, such as February 29 in the Gregorian calendar. In this case, the month will not increase, just pay 12 months’ salary.

▲ Japanese officials in the 19th century.

Emperor Meiji accepted the suggestion and, taking advantage of the fact that the Lunar New Year was coming to an end, on December 2 of that year (the Lunar New Year), he issued a notice of Taizheng official to abandon the Tianbao calendar. The Tianbao calendar (lunar calendar) came to an abrupt end on December 2. The next day, the date changed from December 3 of the lunar calendar to January 1 of the solar calendar.

This move by the Japanese government not only saved the monthly salary of civil servants (including the samurai class) in the 13th month, but even the monthly salary in December of the lunar calendar was denied by the government in the name of "no salary will be paid after only two days in that month".

▲ Before the cabinet system was established, Minister Taisheng was the No.1 civil servant.

The people were caught off guard by the sudden abandonment of the old calendar, and the calendar issuing company suffered heavy losses. The old official calendars sold became a pile of waste paper, and the solar calendar official calendars could only be re-made. In order to compensate the merchants’ losses, Emperor Meiji approved to extend the time limit of the official sales calendar of the trading company for 10 years.

Fukuzawa Yukichi, an important Japanese enlightenment thinker in modern times, heard the news that the government issued a new calendar, and regardless of his physical illness, he wrote "Change the Calendar". Explain the new calendar to the people, and explain the importance of changing the calendar for Qiang Bing, a rich Japanese country, to realize the dream of leaving Asia and entering Europe.

▲ Fukuzawa Yukichi

At this point, in order to alleviate the financial pressure, Japan officially abolished the lunar calendar that had been implemented for thousands of years in 1873. The Spring Festival, based on the old calendar, disappeared. Japan redefined all festivals with the new calendar, and the original New Year on the first day of the first month became the New Year on January 1.

Thousands of years of habits cannot be completely changed by a single decree. For quite some time, the Japanese people continued the custom of celebrating the holidays on the lunar calendar, and Japan also marked the corresponding lunar calendar below the official calendar. However, with the deepening of the Meiji Restoration, leaving Asia and entering Europe became a broad consensus in Japanese society, and the lunar calendar gradually disappeared in Japanese society.

▲ Japan that "leaves Asia and enters Europe"

Third, start a new Japanese New Year

In 1895, Japan won the Sino-Japanese War. The Qing dynasty not only lost the war, but also abolished the suzerain-vassal relationship with Korea. Japan’s national pride has been further enhanced, and cutting with backward East Asian social traditions has become a strong trend in Japanese society.

In 1898, Japan adjusted its calendar. Since the abandonment of the lunar calendar in 1873, the solar calendar has been implemented in Japan for more than 20 years. However, Japan has adopted its own solar calendar, which is not completely consistent with the Gregorian calendar commonly used in the West.

▲ Sino-Japanese War

On May 11th, 1898, Emperor Meiji issued Imperial Decree No.90, replacing the calendar implemented in Japan with the Gregorian calendar, which was completely consistent with the calendars of western countries. This is the "leap year event" in Japanese history.

By 1910, Japan had annexed the Korean peninsula. In the same year, the Japanese official calendar completely canceled the marking of the lunar date, because celebrating the Lunar New Year was regarded as a symbol of backward countries by many Japanese at that time, and celebrating the New Year on the Gregorian New Year’s Day became the mainstream of Japanese society.

Only in Ryukyu Islands and some remote villages have the custom of Lunar New Year been preserved, while the Japanese-occupied Korean Peninsula and Taiwan Province were not inhabited by Yamato people, and most of them persisted in the Lunar New Year.

▲ The Japanese army occupied the Korean peninsula.

After the defeat of World War II, Japanese society accepted the transformation and influence of the United States, and the imprint of the Lunar New Year was further diluted. Neighboring countries such as China and South Korea also adopt the Gregorian calendar, while retaining the lunar calendar and continuing the custom of the Spring Festival. With the rise of Japan’s economy, the way to celebrate the Japanese New Year has gradually taken shape.

The Japanese New Year moved the original Spring Festival to the Gregorian New Year, and now it has become the consensus of the Japanese to celebrate the New Year on January 1. The Lunar New Year is called the "Spring Festival Festival Festival Festival", which is hard to find except in some areas of Wakayama, Okinawa and other counties and Chinese residential areas.

▲ Spring Festival Festival Festival

Every year around December 26th of the Gregorian calendar, the annual flavor of Japan begins to appear. Shops that have just removed their Christmas costumes immediately put on Japanese New Year’s colorful costumes, and every household is busy. People will hang "note ropes" at the door to drive away disasters, and prepare mirror cakes made of rice cakes and oranges at home.

Put pine on both sides of the door, or hang pine branches in front of the door. This custom was introduced to Japan in the Tang Dynasty, and "Song" is similar to "Shi" in Japanese, so the Japanese pray for the gods to protect their family.

▲ Mensong

The pronunciation of "nine" and "bitter" in Japanese is similar. On this day, people choose to let go of the 29th and finish all the preparations before the New Year on December 30th.

December 31st is called "Big Bad Day", which is similar to New Year’s Eve in China. On this night, the Japanese will also "keep watch", and the whole family will sit around and watch the annual "Red and White Song Festival" (which started in 1951 and has a function similar to the China Spring Festival Gala), waiting for the arrival of the New Year.

▲ Red and white songs

On the occasion of the New Year, the elders will give the younger generation "Nianyu", which is similar to China’s lucky money. Many places in Japan still have the custom of drinking Tu Su wine in the New Year.

Japanese New Year’s Eve includes rice cake soup cooked with vegetables, fish and shrimp, and a bowl of buckwheat noodles. This custom originated in the Tokugawa shogunate period. The slender buckwheat noodles symbolize longevity, and the good life is as long as noodles. And soba noodles are easy to break, meaning to say goodbye to the troubled past.

▲ Nianyue soba noodles

After 12 o’clock, people will gather in nearby temples and shrines for the "first visit", that is, the first visit to the New Year. People gathered to ring the Brahma bells in the temple and pray for peace and happiness in the new year. Large monasteries, such as Sensoji Temple in Tokyo and East Honganji in Kyoto, will have endless queues.

Japan celebrates the New Year on January 1st of the Gregorian calendar, which is called New Year’s Day in China, but it plays the role of New Year’s Day in Japan. People donate incense money in temples to worship the Seven Fortune Gods.

▲ Bell ringer

The Spring Festival has been attached to Japan for thousands of years, and China almanac was used by Japan from 862 to 1685. After using the local calendar for two centuries, Japan abolished the lunar calendar in 1873. However, the notes of the lunar calendar have remained for about 40 years, and the traditional New Year customs have also been preserved, but they have been moved to the Gregorian New Year’s Day.

The dates of Chinese and Japanese New Year celebrations are staggered because of the different calendars, but the people’s expectations for a better life are the same. The festive atmosphere is full of people’s endless hopes for the future.

▲ Pray for a happy New Year.

Long-term author | Blue sky and clear distance

A veteran lover of history

Editor in charge | ｜Thomas

Graduate of London School of Economics and Political Science | Editor-in-Chief of Global Intelligence

—(End of full text)—

This article is the original content of "Global Intelligence Agent"

Unauthorized reprinting is prohibited.

Welcome and share in the circle of friends and friends.

More good articles, please poke.

Original title: "Japan, why did you abolish the Lunar New Year and the Spring Festival? 》

Read the original text

Welcome to [Autohome Yinchuan Discount Promotion Channel], here we reveal an exciting offer for you. Currently, the high-profile luxury SUV is undergoing an unprecedented price reduction promotion in Yinchuan area. The maximum discount amount has reached an astonishing 174,900 yuan, making the Volvo XC90, which originally started at 472,000, now has a more affordable opportunity. If you are interested in this prestigious car, then you must not miss this once-in-a-lifetime discount opportunity. To learn more specific discount details and real-time price pickup, just click the "Check the car price" button in the quotation form and let a professional consultant reveal a more favorable car purchase plan for you. Time is not waiting, act now!

The Volvo XC90 has a unique Nordic luxury design. The front face features the family’s iconic straight waterfall air intake grille, and the sharp LED headlight set gives the vehicle a strong recognition. The body lines are smooth and powerful, showing a refined and atmospheric temperament. The overall style is both modern and traditional, fusing luxury and functionality perfectly.

With its elegant body design, the Volvo XC90 presents a refined profile on the sides. This luxury SUV has impressive dimensions, measuring 4953mm long, 1958mm wide, 1778mm high, and a wheelbase of 2984mm, giving the car a sense of spacious space. The front and rear tires are 275/45 R20, and the combination of tire width and wheel hub highlights the sportiness and stability of the vehicle. The side lines are smooth, elegantly connecting all parts of the body, showing a high sense of design.

The interior design of the Volvo XC90 is a perfect blend of sophistication and luxury. When the driver sits in the spacious compartment, he will be attracted by the leather-wrapped steering wheel, which provides a comfortable grip and supports manual up and down + front and rear adjustment to ensure the best driving posture for the driver. In the central position, a 9-inch high definition central control screen stands, and functions such as multimedia system, navigation and telephone are readily available. It is easy to control through automatic speech recognition, which is convenient and fast. The seat material is also made of high-grade leather. The front seats are equipped with heating function, and the driver’s seat also has electric seat memory, which brings a intimate and comfortable experience for long-distance driving. The rear seats support proportional reclining, and the space utilization is extremely flexible to meet various loading needs. Every detail reflects the thoughtfulness and practicality of the XC90 interior.

Engine Introduction: The Volvo XC90 is equipped with a 2.0T turbocharged engine with a strong power output of 250 horsepower and a maximum torque of 350 N. m. This efficient engine, combined with an 8-speed automatic transmission, ensures a smooth driving experience and fuel economy.

In the Autohome owner’s experience, the Volvo XC90 deeply attracted him with its domineering appearance. He said that for drivers like himself who like atmospheric models, the exterior design of the XC90 undoubtedly meets their inner expectations. "At first glance, it is the kind of presence that can make people feel powerful on the road." This strong visual impact undoubtedly adds extra confidence and satisfaction to the owner’s daily travel.