CCTV News:In Shanghai, the number of domestic workers who are willing to stay at their places of work has increased significantly compared with previous years.

Although there is still some time before the Spring Festival, many domestic workers in Shanghai have made up their minds not to go home this year. Some aunts are going to work overtime during the Spring Festival to make money, while others are going to relax completely.

For enterprises, this year’s situation is also very different. According to statistics, about 95% of the more than 500,000 domestic workers in Shanghai come from other places. In previous years, only 30% will stay in Shanghai, but this year, almost 70% of domestic workers choose to stay.

　　CCTV News:The "belated" British Prime Minister Theresa May has arrived in China for three days, which is her first visit to China since she took office. This "whirlwind visit to China" has attracted global media attention.

　　"Antie May", Chinese for "Aunt Mei", is a nickname given to the British female prime minister by the friendly people of China. "Very honored!" The family-like address clearly made Mei Yi feel at home. But I believe that when she returns to China, she will also return home with a full load.

　　"Brexit" is the primary core issue that Theresa May faced after she became prime minister. Her diplomatic visits are basically concentrated in Europe. This official visit to China shows that she attaches importance to China and hopes to create a new situation for the relations between the two countries.

　　President Xi’s visit to Britain in 2015 ushered in a "golden age" of Sino-British relations, and this time, the British side claimed to create an upgraded version of the "golden age" visit. So, what’s important about this visit? What are the "golden" highlights of Sino-British cooperation?

　　Why Wuhan is the first choice for a trip to China after a year?

　　According to British media reports, as early as September 2016, theresa may, who has just taken up his new job, received an official invitation to visit China when he attended the G-20 Summit in Hangzhou. In February 2017, No.10 Downing Street announced that theresa may would visit China later that year. However, influenced by many domestic factors, it took several delays to promote today’s visit to China, which has been counted for nearly a year. Therefore, it has also been called "late arrival" by the media, which has aroused enthusiastic attention from all walks of life.

　　It is different from Macron’s choice of "the ancient capital Xi ‘an" as the first stop of his first visit, and starting his visit to China from the eastern starting point of the ancient Silk Road. The first stop of Theresa May was in Wuhan, and it only stayed for one morning. However, as can be seen from the itinerary, the pace is quite compact, and the activity time is measured in 15 minutes.

　　Theresa May and his party came to Wuhan University at the first stop to attend the Hubei British Education and Cultural Exchange Exhibition, and interacted with students. At the event site, Theresa May said that there are more than 150,000 China students studying in the UK, and the cooperation in the field of education enables young people in China and Britain to learn from each other and communicate with each other, and the cooperative relationship in our cherished "golden age" can also develop better and continuously.　　

　

　　Later, I visited the booth of Wuhan University’s school history and the booth of Wuhan University Debate Team, talked with the members of Wuhan University Debate Team, and then had a cordial interaction with the students of Wuhan No.49 Middle School. The students said hello to Theresa May in English.

　　The visit went straight to the theme of "education" and frequently interacted with students. From the choice of the first stop, it is not difficult to see that Theresa May attaches great importance to educational cooperation with China, focusing on exerting its soft power and focusing on the advantages of British education.

　　Wuhan is an important educational center in China and one of the cities with the largest number of students in the world. It is understood that 17 universities in Hubei Province and 12 universities including Manchester University in the United Kingdom have jointly established 27 cooperative education projects, and eight Confucius Classroom Centers in Northern Ireland jointly established by universities in Hubei Province and the University of Oster in the United Kingdom are also well received by local people.

　　In fact, Theresa May has always attached importance to the development of education since she took office, which can be seen from her administrative measures. Her "first fire" in domestic policy is to burn to education. She expects that educational reform will bring fairness to the country and emphasize elite governance, which is also her consistent administrative style. And the Theresa May delegation to China, also has the President of Manchester University, thus, Mei Yi is well prepared.

　　On the other hand, Theresa May is under pressure in Britain because of the differences in the specific practice of Brexit, and it is necessary to seize the opportunity to convey more positive information to the British people during his trip to China. Education has once again become a diplomatic trump card for Mei Yi’s visit to China. It is reported that China citizens are already the largest group of overseas students in Britain. At present, there are 155,000 China students in Britain, which alone brings 5 billion pounds of income to the British education industry every year.

　　According to British media reports, on the same day, the Theresa May government announced a series of cooperation projects with China in the field of education, with a total market value of 550 million pounds. This includes further expanding the previous exchange program of mathematics teachers between the two sides to 2020, and continuing to send 200 British mathematics teachers to China for exchange and study in the next two years; China and Britain have jointly initiated personnel training in preschool education.

　　The Chinese and British governments have always attached great importance to exchanges and cooperation in the fields of humanities and education. Britain is also one of the first three countries to establish a cultural exchange mechanism with China.

　　9 billion pounds of big orders related to the construction of Xiong’ an Science and Technology City! The focus is on these areas.

　　On the second stop of her visit to China, in Beijing, Teresa May ushered in the highlight of her visit and sought to strengthen economic and trade cooperation between China and Britain.

　　Theresa May attended the annual meeting between the Chinese and British prime ministers, and the Chinese and British prime ministers reached an important consensus on jointly promoting free trade. While the meeting was still in progress that afternoon, Theresa May sent an invitation to welcome Premier Li Keqiang to visit Britain as soon as possible and hold a new round of annual meeting between British and Chinese prime ministers.

　　With Britain’s withdrawal from the EU, how can the post-Brexit era be broken? Britain will also look further to the world and strive to build a "global Britain", of which China is a very important part. The "Belt and Road Initiative" advocated by China is highly compatible with theresa may’s "Global Britain" strategy. The upgrade of the "golden age" between China and Britain came together in the common "strategic opportunity period" of the two countries.

　　British Prime Minister Theresa May published a signed article in the Financial Times on January 31st, saying that with China’s opening to the outside world, China’s rapid economic growth has benefited British enterprises.

　　Earlier, it was reported that the "luxury" business group accompanying Teresa May’s visit to China included representatives from more than 40 companies, universities and industry associations, covering many industries such as finance, trade, medicine, education, communication and transportation. These include HSBC, BP, Standard Chartered Bank and Aston ⋅ Well-known enterprises and universities such as Martin, AstraZeneca Pharmaceutical Company, Inmarsat and Manchester University. According to British media, this is the largest visiting delegation since Theresa May became prime minister. The European Times Network even sighed that so many companies are about to move the whole of Britain!

　　On February 1st, China’s Ministry of Commerce announced at a regular press conference that during British Prime Minister David Theresa May’s visit to China, China and Britain will sign a 9 billion pound economic and trade cooperation agreement, covering the construction of the Belt and Road Initiative, finance, agriculture, science and technology and other fields. The two sides also agreed to jointly build Xiong ‘an Financial Technology City and Qingdao Zhongying Innovation Industrial Park.

　　The big order of 9 billion pounds has been made, and the next direction of Sino-British cooperation is to further promote Sino-British cooperation in the construction of the Belt and Road, strengthen cooperation in the field of innovation, and strive to raise the economic and trade relations between the two countries to a higher level.

　　In 2017, the China-Europe train, which originated in Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, traveled more than 10,000 kilometers and arrived at Bajin Railway Station in east London, becoming the first freight train in China to arrive in the UK, and was also regarded as a landmark event of the "Belt and Road" cooperation between China and Britain.

　　Britain is the first western country to apply to join the AIIB, and it is also the second country to inject capital into the infrastructure construction of the AIIB after China. Britain believes that Britain is a "natural partner" of China’s Belt and Road Initiative, and has announced that it will set up a special envoy for the Belt and Road Initiative, set up a Belt and Road Committee composed of senior business leaders, and further promote the Belt and Road Initiative. The UK Export Finance Agency is also prepared to contribute 25 billion US dollars to support the Belt and Road Initiative.

　　Britain has actively carried out "One Belt, One Road" cooperation with China, and various pragmatic cooperation measures have set an example for other western powers.

　　China is Britain’s second largest trading partner outside the EU. While Britain seized the opportunity of China, China combined its own advantages to connect with Britain’s economic revitalization plan with the Belt and Road Initiative, forming a cooperative situation of mutual benefit and common development. It is reported that at present, more than 500 China enterprises have settled in Britain, and their investment projects have extended from traditional fields such as trade, finance and telecommunications to emerging fields such as new energy, high-end manufacturing, infrastructure and R&D centers. By the end of last year, China’s accumulated financial direct investment in Britain and Africa reached US$ 19.14 billion. Britain has become China’s second largest investment destination in the EU.

　　There is no doubt that Sino-British economic and trade cooperation has entered the "fast lane". The cooperation between China and Britain around the "Belt and Road" is mutually beneficial and win-win. With the further expansion of two-way investment, bilateral trade is developing in a more healthy and balanced direction. The "Belt and Road" initiative will usher in a new era of Sino-Western cooperation and mutual learning between East and West. (Text/Tian Hong)

One of the common fish dishes on the dining table is pomfret. Among all species of pomfret, pomfret (also called Pampus argenteus) is the most delicious. Isn’t there a saying, "There are partridges in the mountains, and horse mackerel in the sea"?

Pampus argenteus Image source: wikimedia

But even if you are a seafood glutton, you may not have seen the real silver pomfret. In fact, even many fishermen don’t know that live silver pomfret actually looks like this: there is a black belt on it.

Why haven’t most people seen the real silver pomfret? Things should start with the fact that silver pomfret is getting more and more expensive.

Silver pomfrets were originally widely distributed in the southeast coast of China and near the Indian Ocean. They are not only the seafood that our people love, but also enjoyed by Koreans, Japanese, Indians and Kuwaitis.

Fried pomfret. Image source: wikimedia

But have you noticed that silver pomfret is becoming more and more expensive and smaller? This is mainly because since the 1990s, the number of silver pomfret in the waters near China has been decreasing year by year.

Not only China, but also other countries that love to eat silver pomfret can’t catch much silver pomfret.

For example, the number of silver pomfret in Indian Ocean waters is also declining. According to the statistics of India’s Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, the number of silver pomfret along the Indian Ocean coast decreased from 34,072 tons to 27,515 tons in 2011-2012, a drop of 20%.

Image source: wikimedia

Because the price is higher than that of other pomfrets, some vendors will use the less delicious but very cheap pomfret (also known as fighting pomfret, China pomfret, Pampus chinensis) to mix the pomfrets. You may have eaten fake silver pomfret for many years and you don’t know it.

Pampus chinensis is very similar to silver pomfret. Image source: FishBase.se

Will the braised silver pomfret be extinct in the future? Why not raise silver pomfret artificially?

Foodies who don’t want to create a generation gap in food have actually taken action long ago, but countries have not succeeded in half a century.

As early as the 1960s, people began to try to breed silver pomfret artificially, but at that time, silver pomfret fry often died after a few days of incubation. Shi Zhaohong, a researcher at the Donghai Fisheries Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, said that this is why the cultivation of silver pomfret has always been a "world-class" problem, and it is therefore called "the most difficult fish to raise in the world".

Image source: wikimedia

This can also explain why, in 2000, the Mariculture and Fisheries Department of Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, which achieved a survival rate of 4%, called its achievement a "breakthrough".

So, why is silver pomfret difficult to raise?

The first reason why silver pomfrets are difficult to raise is that their scales are really brittle. Their scales are very small and few, and they will fall off with a little touch. And once they lose their scales, they are easy to die of infection.

Secondly, silver pomfret is still "blx". They are very timid. When the waves are big and the water is salty, when the water is weak, they will scamper and lead to scaling.

When the silver pomfret dies, it will also take away a mysterious organization, that is, the black belt.

There is a black belt on the lower caudal fin of live immature silver pomfret. Image source: See Watermark

In fact, the lower caudal fin of immature silver pomfret is very long and black, sometimes twice as long as the upper caudal fin. Shi Zhaohong said that about half of the caudal fin of silver pomfret will be extended into a black belt, which will fall off after the death of silver pomfret, but researchers are not clear about the role of this black belt at present.

That’s why even fishermen don’t know what live silver pomfret looks like.

The third difficulty in artificial breeding of silver pomfret lies in taking eggs.

To raise silver pomfret artificially, you must first get fish eggs, right? But the wild silver pomfret will die as soon as it comes out of the water, and it won’t give you a chance to keep seeds at all.

So, how about taking "essence" from dead fish?

Shi Zhaohong said that they haven’t tried it before. However, as soon as the wild female silver pomfret struggled out of the water, the eggs were "pulled" into the sea.

Later, researchers in China and Kuwait finally came up with a solution.

At that time, in order to get the sperm and eggs of silver pomfret, researchers in China directly caught fish in seawater, and then artificially inseminated them on the spot when they came out of the water. Around 2000, researchers in Kuwait also got fish eggs from the wild environment.

Getting fish eggs is only a small achievement, because the larvae of silver pomfret are difficult to raise.

Silver pomfret likes to eat live jellyfish and all kinds of jelly-like plankton, and does not eat granular feed. But feeding jellyfish to them will be troublesome and costly.

In 1998, researchers from Kuwait Institute of Science came up with a method called Artemia nauplii. After being fed with shrimp for a period of time, little silver pomfret can adapt to fish feed, and then they switch to fish feed.

Artemia nauplii. Image source: Matthias Wiesensee

At first, Shi Zhaohong and his colleagues used a similar method. They first raised a batch of shrimp and rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis), fed them to small fish, and then turned them into feed.

Despite the reversal from "can’t" to "can", the commercial value of artificial silver pomfret 20 years ago was not clear. In 1998, the survival rate of fry in Kuwait was only about 4%. In 2009, the survival rate of silver pomfret fry of Shi Zhaohong’s team was 14%. Compared with other commercial fish species, this survival rate is really not easy to get.

Image source: wikimedia

But later, Chinese researchers improved the seedling raising technology.

When promoting silver pomfret fry in 2019, Wang Yajun, an associate professor at the College of Oceanography of Ningbo University, said that the survival rate of silver pomfret fry cultivated in China has reached more than 75%, and the number of seedlings has reached more than 200,000. The breeding technology level is leading in the world and the number ranks first in the world.

What method did they use?

It turned out that they used raw seafood to "cook" the silver pomfret fry. They let the jellyfish eat the feed first and turn it into a "Trojan horse", and then feed the jellyfish wrapped in feed to the silver pomfret. From snacks to jellyfish stuffed with feed, silver pomfret can gradually adapt to feed.

Image source: Network

However, even if the silver pomfret learns to eat feed, the problem is only half solved, because the adult silver pomfret really eats badly.

Other commercial fish species can eat feed that floats on the water surface or sinks at the bottom of the water. For example, cheap golden pomfret (Trachinotus blochii) can eat the feed floating on the water at will, so they are easy to raise and cheap.

Trachinotus blochii. Image source: wikimedia

But silver pomfret can’t. Their mouths are not "normal": the upper jaw of silver pomfret can’t move because it is covered with skin, so it can only rely on the lower jaw to open its mouth and shut up.

But their jaws are long, and it’s a long story. In short, it’s a form of heaven and earth. In technical terms, the mouth of silver pomfret is "inferior" and there is no way to eat surface feed.

The upper lip of the silver pomfret can’t move (source: FishBase.se)

Well, then you can always eat underwater feed, right?

Silver pomfret doesn’t eat either.

Of course, this can’t be blamed on silver pomfrets, because their bodies are flat and flat, and they have to swim all the time to avoid rollover. If you eat enough in one breath, you may lie flat on the bottom of the sea and scratch your scales and die. That’s why they don’t touch the bottom feed.

Because of its mouth and flat body, the silver pomfret can only eat food in the water, and it has to run after two bites, and then come back to eat after a while, much like you were chased to feed when you were a child.

But it is in the face of such a difficult silver pomfret that researchers have recently found a way to raise it artificially on a large scale.

The above-mentioned Shi Zhaohong team spent 20 years designing a special dining table and residence for the silver pomfret.

A feed net specially used for feeding adult silver pomfret. Image source: See Watermark

The silver pomfret dining table they designed is "suspended", which is very friendly to the mouth of the exotic silver pomfret, and the feed will not fall to the bottom to pollute the water quality; The farm is a medium-sized artificial seawater breeding pond.

Seeing that the silver pomfret has finally been fed by human beings, everyone must have shed saliva of relief. I hope that China’s breeding methods can be popularized as soon as possible, so that this delicious food will not be lost.

Plan and make

Original title: "You may have eaten this famous seafood, but you have never seen its true face before death! 》

Read the original text

Original Shanghai Xinhua Hospital Shanghai Xinhua Hospital

On November 15th, National Health Commission announced that the diagnostic criteria for hypertension in adults have not been adjusted at present. Regarding the diagnostic criteria of hypertension, the publicity and education points, prevention and treatment guidelines and clinical pathways issued by the national health administrative department in 2005, 2010 and 2017 are all clear: the diagnostic criteria of adult hypertension are that the blood pressure exceeds 140/90mmHg for three times on the same day.

Previously, the authoritative guide-Clinical Practice Guide of Hypertension in China, which was jointly formulated by the National Cardiovascular Center, the Chinese Medical Doctor Association and the Cardiovascular Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, was officially promulgated on November 13th. The biggest highlight of the new guidelines is to lower the diagnostic criteria of hypertension to ≥130/80 mmHg. As a result, the debate on the diagnostic criteria of hypertension has been triggered.

Question 1: Why is there a debate about the diagnostic criteria of hypertension?

The diagnostic criteria of hypertension are actually changing.

In 1977, the first diagnostic criteria for hypertension in the world were systolic blood pressure ≥160mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 95 mmHg;

By 1997, the diagnostic criteria of hypertension were lowered to systolic blood pressure ≥140mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg;

In recent years, more and more research data show that among adults aged 18 and above, the incidence and mortality of cardiovascular diseases in people with systolic blood pressure of 130~139 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure of 80~89 mmHg are still extremely high. Therefore, in 2017, the American College of Cardiology, ACC) and American Heart Association (AHA) further reduced the diagnostic criteria of hypertension to systolic blood pressure ≥130 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥80 for the first time. However, considering that the number of patients with hypertension will increase significantly, and it will bring corresponding medical expenses and economic burdens, the diagnostic criteria of 140/90mmHg are maintained in the 2018 edition of the European Guidelines, the International Hypertension Practice Guidelines of the International Hypertension Society (ISH) in 2020, and the Adult Hypertension Drug Treatment Guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2021, as well as the national hypertension guidelines except the United States.

With the publication of many clinical research results in China, researchers found that among adults aged 18 and above in China, the proportion of people with systolic blood pressure of 130~139 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure of 80~89 mmHg was 23.2%, and the estimated total number was nearly 243 million. In the past 15 years, 65% of these people progressed to blood pressure of ≥ 140/90 mmHg [3,4]. Based on these evidences, the new guidelines

Therefore, whether the diagnostic standard of systolic blood pressure of hypertension is ≥130 mmHg or ≥140 mmHg has always been the focus of clinical research, and we need more research data from domestic population to support it.

Question 2: Hypertension has no symptoms. Is it harmful?

Hypertension is the most common high-risk factor leading to the death of people, also known as the "silent killer". If blood pressure is not controlled, the risk of death of patients within 10 years is obviously increased. The main harm of hypertension is the overload of the heart and the progression of systemic atherosclerosis, and the higher the blood pressure, the faster the progress, and all organs covered by arteries will be affected, and the most common is the damage to the heart, kidneys and intracranial blood vessels, which usually leads to "big heart, small kidney and stroke".

Question 3: How to measure blood pressure correctly?

When adults measure blood pressure, they can use the upper arm electronic sphygmomanometer verified by the standardized scheme on the market at present to measure blood pressure.

The specific measurement method is:

1. Take a quiet rest for 3~5 minutes before measuring blood pressure. When measuring, sit in a chair with a backrest, put your feet flat on the ground and don’t cross your legs. The upper arm is flat on the desktop, and the center of the cuff of the sphygmomanometer is kept at the same level as the heart.

2. Choose a suitable cuff for blood pressure measurement, and wrist electronic sphygmomanometer can be selected if the upper arm circumference is more than 42 cm.

3. The upper arm for measuring blood pressure should be fully exposed or only covered with a single layer of clothing (do not wear sleeves), and the lower edge of the cuff should be placed 2~3 cm above the elbow socket.

4. Get at least two blood pressure readings every time you measure blood pressure, with an interval of 1~2 minutes, and take the average of the two readings; If the difference between the first and second blood pressure readings is greater than 10 mmHg, it is recommended to measure it for the third time and take the average of the last two blood pressure readings. When measuring blood pressure for the first time, the blood pressure of both upper arms should be measured, whichever side is higher.

5. It is recommended that patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) use electronic sphygmomanometer to measure their blood pressure, and at least three blood pressure readings should be obtained for each measurement, and the average of the three blood pressure readings should be taken.

In the process of diagnosis and management of hypertension, hospital clinic blood pressure measurement, family blood pressure monitoring and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring can all be used as effective measurement methods in diagnosis and management of hypertension. For the diagnosis of hypertension, 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring is preferred if conditions permit; For hypertension management, it is suggested that home blood pressure monitoring should be the first choice.

Blood pressure monitoring at home is also very particular.

These key points of blood pressure monitoring must be written down!

1. It is recommended to measure blood pressure once every morning and once every night;

2. Avoid strenuous exercise, drinking, drinking caffeinated drinks and smoking 30 minutes before measuring blood pressure;

3. It is recommended to measure blood pressure before taking medicine, before breakfast and after emptying the bladder in the morning;

4. It is recommended to measure blood pressure before dinner at night, and it is recommended to measure it within 1 hour before going to bed when conditions do not permit;

5. For patients who are newly diagnosed or whose blood pressure is not controlled, it is recommended to monitor their blood pressure at home for at least 3 consecutive days every week, and record the monitoring results, which is an important basis for doctors to diagnose and adjust the antihypertensive treatment plan for you.

Question 4: Do people with systolic blood pressure between 130 and 139 mmHg need medication?

① For patients with systolic blood pressure of 130~139 mmHg and/or DBP of 80 ~ 89 mmHg, lifestyle intervention can be carried out for 3~6 months if there are only 2 cardiovascular risk factors after evaluation by professional doctors.

② Systolic blood pressure of 130~139 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure of 80~89 mmHg with clinical complications, or patients with target organ damage or with more than 3 cardiovascular risk factors after evaluation by professional doctors, it is suggested to start antihypertensive drug therapy.

Question 5: What are the cardiovascular risk factors?

According to the guidelines, cardiovascular risk factors mainly include:

Age (male ≥45, female ≥55);

Smoking or passive smoking;

High density lipoprotein cholesterol < 1.04 mmol/L (40 mg/DL);

Low density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥ 3.4 mmol/L (130 mg/DL);

Abnormal fasting blood glucose (6.1 ~ 6.9 mmol/L);

Obesity (body mass index ≥28.0 kg/m2).

The new standards determined in the new edition of the guidelines are more aimed at people with borderline hypertension, and its main purpose is to improve the attention of these people to health conditions. Diagnosing hypertension doesn’t mean taking medicine immediately. In the absence of other risk factors, patients with blood pressure at the critical value usually only need to adjust their daily ways, such as quitting smoking and drinking and exercising properly, to improve their physical condition.

Question 6: What are the life intervention measures for patients with hypertension?

Lifestyle intervention is the cornerstone of hypertension treatment. It is suggested that all patients with hypertension should have lifestyle intervention, including diet intervention, exercise intervention, decompression intervention, weight loss intervention, smoking cessation and alcohol restriction and comprehensive lifestyle intervention.

Table 1: Life Intervention Measures for Hypertension Patients Recommended by Guidelines

Question 6: What are the drugs for treating hypertension and what are their side effects?

At present, there are many kinds of antihypertensive drugs in clinic. Commonly used antihypertensive drugs include diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors.

These antihypertensive drugs can relax blood vessels and reduce blood volume through different ways, and finally achieve the purpose of lowering blood pressure.

Many people are worried that taking antihypertensive drugs will affect their liver and kidneys. In fact, it is not necessary. Routine physical examination items include biochemical indicators such as liver and kidney function, and we can clearly see whether drugs have an impact on them. However, after decades of large-scale drug use in the global population, it is found that serious side effects are extremely rare.

Table 2: Representative drugs and side effects of antihypertensive drugs commonly used in clinic at present

Question 7: What is the target value of antihypertensive treatment for different hypertensive people?

A large number of clinical research results have confirmed that the risk of cerebral infarction, myocardial infarction, heart failure and other diseases will decrease by 10% for every 5mmHg decrease in systolic blood pressure, and controlling blood pressure has great benefits.

However, it should also be noted that antihypertensive drugs may also lead to adverse events such as hypotension, syncope, electrolyte abnormality and acute kidney injury or failure. Therefore, the antihypertensive plan must follow the advice of professional doctors and should not be adjusted by itself.

Table 3: Target value of antihypertensive treatment for hypertensive patients recommended by guidelines

Question 8: Can I stop taking medicine if I have no symptoms or my blood pressure drops to normal?

The main harm of hypertension is not the symptoms it causes, but the chronic damage to the heart, brain, kidney and other organs unconsciously. When these damages become more and more serious, various complications will occur that seriously affect the quality of life and even endanger life.

More than 95% of hypertension belongs to "essential hypertension", the cause of which is unknown. It can only be controlled and cannot be cured. Most people need to take medicine for life.

The "normal" blood pressure after taking medicine is only a state under the action of drugs, and the action time of drugs is limited. Once the drugs are stopped, the drug effect will gradually disappear and blood pressure will rise again.

Therefore, even if your blood pressure is temporarily controlled, you should not stop taking drugs without authorization. If hypotension occurs, or blood pressure is always within the normal range, you can consult a specialist and gradually reduce the types and dosage of drugs under the guidance.

Question 9: Is there any way to reduce hypertension through surgical treatment?

At present, the current control rate of hypertension is less than 20%. In addition to the low awareness rate of hypertension, there are also problems of drug use and patient compliance.

In the past 20 years, renal sympathectomy through minimally invasive intervention came into being, and has achieved good clinical treatment results. In patients with refractory hypertension, renal sympathectomy can still significantly reduce blood pressure after 36 months. Renal sympathectomy can be used as a strategy to reduce blood pressure in patients with refractory hypertension who can not tolerate antihypertensive drugs and whose clinical characteristics are consistent with hypersympathetic function.

Pay attention to your blood pressure health from now on!

Early treatment will benefit early.

Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are far away from you!

References:

[1]. National Cardiovascular Center, Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Hypertension Professional Committee of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Cardiovascular Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Hypertension Professional Committee of Cross-Strait Medical and Health Exchange Association. China Hypertension Clinical Practice Guide. chinese journal of cardiology, 2022, Vol.50, No.11.

[2]. Sun Yingxian. Changes and enlightenment of diagnostic criteria for hypertension. chinese journal of practical internal medicine, 2019,39 (1): 57. DOI: 10.19538.

[3]. Qi Y, Han X, Zhao D, et al. Long‑term cardiovascular risk associated with stage 1 hypertension defined by the 2017 ACC/AHA hypertension guideline. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2018, 72(11): 1201‑1210. DOI: 10.1016.

[4]. Luo D, Cheng Y, Zhang H, et al. Association between high blood pressure and long-term cardiovascular events in young adults: systematic review and meta‑analysis. BMJ, 2020, 370:m3222.

Author’s introduction

　　A team of Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences released a message saying that artificial intelligence can greatly accelerate the process of new drug research and development &mdash; &mdash; This may mean that in the near future, not only manual workers are facing transformation, but also scientific research work may be changed by artificial intelligence.

　　Half-monthly interviews with reporters in Guangdong, Liaoning, Zhejiang and other places found that the progress of artificial intelligence replacing labor force is accelerating, and the depth and breadth of reshaping employment patterns are unprecedented. Employment in some fields may usher in a "turbulent period" and "adjustment period".

In the laboratory of Intelligent Bionics Research Center of Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ma Xunju, a research assistant, tested the walking of exoskeleton robot wearing lower limbs. Photo by Mao Siqian

　　Artificial intelligence landing contains a lot of employment opportunities.

　　Let’s review how a large number of employment opportunities were created in the era of mobile Internet.

　　The 2018 Meituan Rider Takeaway Employment Report released by Meituan shows that more than 2.7 million riders earned income on the platform in 2018, an increase of nearly 500,000 compared with 2017. Among them, 30% of riders earn more than 5,000 yuan a month, and 50% of riders are the main source of family income.

　　"In the past, delivery was only a full-time job for a few people. Now, the rise of the mobile Internet has made delivery a big employment. " Liu Peichao, founder of Shenzhen Yuejiang Technology, who is engaged in the research and development of intelligent robots, said.

　　The reporter found that many people in the industry like Liu Peichao take the development of mobile Internet as an example to analyze the impact of artificial intelligence on employment. The rich business model of mobile Internet contains a large number of employment opportunities, and all these are based on the increasingly mature mobile Internet technology and 4G communication technology, and the deep integration with the economy and society.

　　They believe that employment opportunities in the era of artificial intelligence are likely to have a similar development path with the era of mobile Internet. Therefore, how to further promote the landing of artificial intelligence technology and explore mature business models has become a key factor in creating more employment opportunities.

　　Just as the Android platform established by Google has greatly promoted the maturity of the mobile Internet business model and ecosystem, some head enterprises are also exploring the "Android" in the era of artificial intelligence.

　　Since 2018, BYD has not only cooperated with Baidu to develop smart cars, but also explored the open platform "D++" for smart cars. Developers can develop various applications suitable for smart cars on this platform, aiming at creating "Android" for smart cars.

　　According to the news released by BYD, the "D++" platform provides developers with open interfaces, vehicle data and control rights based on the intelligent architecture and safety policies of automobiles. Next, BYD will also open 66 control rights and 341 sensor parameters about cars to developers.

　　"Without an open platform, there would be no gathering of mobile App developers, and there would be no such huge mobile phone ecosystem. The same is true in the era of artificial intelligence. The construction of ecosystems contains huge business opportunities and employment opportunities. " Wang Chuanfu, chairman of BYD, said.

　　In fact, whether it is the landing of artificial intelligence technology or the construction of ecosystem, data is the core factor. However, at present, there are scattered data sources in both government departments and commercial enterprises, and a unified platform for storage, analysis and application has not yet been formed, which wastes data resources to some extent and limits the research and application of artificial intelligence in subdivision fields.

　　Iflytek believes that there may be three paths for artificial intelligence to accelerate its landing: one is to conduct brain science research by combining mathematical statistical modeling and deep learning methods; The second is to make the machine from supervised training to semi-supervised training and then to unsupervised training; The third is to explore the application mode architecture and scientific research methods of man-machine coupling.

The 2019 World Industrial Internet Industry Conference was held in Qingdao. Participants experienced the achievements of the industrial Internet industry in the exhibition area of the conference. Photo by Li Ziheng

　　The core skills of frontline workers need to be updated.

　　The reporter’s investigation found that in some smart factories, the core requirements for front-line employees have changed from operating machines to maintaining equipment. A number of business leaders told reporters that they now have lower requirements for workers’ operating skills, "just press a button", but their understanding of smart devices has increased a lot &mdash; &mdash; Maintenance, maintenance, simple maintenance, have a good concept of quality control, and be familiar with operating system and information system.

　　How to motivate workers who are used to simple operation to transform into "equipment experts"? Yu Jianjiang, general manager of Hangzhou Engine Co., Ltd. of China National Heavy Duty Truck Group, believes that in the past, most workers in the workshop were pieceworkers, and this management method guided employees to work more and get more money, and workers focused on output. After the realization of intelligence, the assessment management methods for workers should be adjusted accordingly. For example, workers are paid according to skill levels, and employees are given a 10-level promotion channel, so as to shift their attention to upgrading their skills and actively learn to maintain, repair and repair equipment.

　　At present, the company has set up a system of equipment application technicians and application engineers, who will be given corresponding salaries after reaching a certain skill level through examination. The annual salary of employees in the highest-level equipment application positions is more than 100,000 yuan.

　　Yu Jianjiang also said that the technology and level required by the current workers’ professional titles and professional skills levels have been out of touch with enterprises with intelligent transformation. It is suggested that government departments should also adjust their thinking and pay attention to the opinions of employers in the evaluation of professional titles and skill levels. "Whether the workers are useful or not, the level is high, and the enterprise has the most say."

　　Of course, it is more important for workers to have the determination and confidence to embrace the changes of the times, constantly improve their skills and adapt to the new employment environment.

　　He Penglin, from the rural area of Loudi, Hunan Province, came to Shenzhen in 1991 and worked as a worker in an auto repair shop. "The apprentices with me are all primary school students and junior high school students from rural areas. I graduated from high school with the highest level of education." He said.

　　With the rapid transfer of labor-intensive industries in the Pearl River Delta to the mainland, technology-intensive high value-added industries have quickly taken root in the local area. Worried about his own skill level has become the driving force for He Penglin to constantly update his knowledge.

　　For more than 20 years, he has studied automobile repair technology, developed a vehicle-mounted remote diagnosis system, which can diagnose automobile faults remotely, accumulate daily data of automobile users, and realize the transformation of repairmen into highly skilled talents. He also has 4 invention patents and 17 utility model patents. Under the trend of intelligence, He Penglin extended the technical route of products to the field of intelligent induction, and developed an auxiliary braking system for monitoring the blind area of large trucks.

　　"In the past, people often said that one trick is fresh and you can eat all over the world. In fact, this concept is outdated and your core skills must be updated." He said.

　　In the future, workers should be cross-border "miscellaneous"

　　In June 2019, Zhongwang Fabric Co., Ltd., a home textile enterprise in Hangzhou, began to build an intelligent factory that was fully informationized and intelligent from ordering, purchasing, manufacturing, inspection, packaging to warehousing. In this regard, the person in charge of this enterprise put forward a rigid requirement: employees recruited in the future can not understand home textiles, but must have relevant knowledge of intelligent manufacturing. Such a requirement may become the norm in the future.

　　The requirement for the quality of labor force in the era of artificial intelligence highlights the significance and importance of education. Having interdisciplinary thinking mode and learning ability is the key to future education.

　　Liu Gang, general manager of the emerging innovation business group of Shangtang Technology, believes that artificial intelligence is a comprehensive science involving programming, mathematics, machinery, physics, engineering and other disciplines. Future workers should not only be "experts", but also be "miscellaneous", which requires the ability of cross-border thinking and cross-border innovation.

　　At present, Shangtang Technology, East China Normal University and the Commercial Press have compiled and distributed the textbook "Artificial Intelligence Basis (High School Edition)", which is being promoted and tried in middle schools in Shanghai and Shenzhen.

　　"Popular science education and science fiction education in the era of artificial intelligence are very important. In view of the current situation of children’s lack of imagination, a strong popular science atmosphere is needed to open the fence of imagination." Wu Yan, a professor at south university of science and technology of china Science and Human Imagination Research Center, said.

　　Shenzhen Yuejiang Technology is sending their intelligent robots to the training class of vocational education, so that students can truly feel the working environment under artificial intelligence conditions. Liu Peichao suggested that the orientation of vocational education should be clearer, and it should be further integrated with the technological frontier. Instead of simply operating machines as "tools" and "craftsmen", the goal should be to cultivate new workers with the quality of human-computer interaction. (Half-monthly talk with reporter Chen Yuxuan, Wang Ying and Zhu Han)

　　□ Our reporter Han Dandong

　　□ Intern Yin Yushuang of this newspaper

　　Recently, an unrecognizable video of an ancient stone bridge after its restoration has attracted attention on the Internet. The ancient bridge, named Tieliang Bridge, is located in Xinzhou, Shanxi Province, dating back to the Jin and Yuan Dynasties. After the restoration of the stone bridge, except for the arch of the bridge, almost all the other parts were newly repaired, and some pillars and stone carvings on the bridge were also lost.

　　On April 22, Shanxi Provincial Bureau of Cultural Relics pointed out at the media conference that the local cultural relics authorities lacked the concept of protecting cultural relics and the supervision was not in place, and had asked Xinzhou to implement rectification as soon as possible.

　　The experience of the iron beam bridge once again brought the topic of cultural relics restoration into public view. How should cultural relics be restored to avoid "secondary damage"? Recently, the "Legal Daily" reporter interviewed this.

　　The ancient bridge lost its historical features.

　　Destructive repair is controversial

　　The iron beam bridge is located in Liansigou Village, Zhuangmo Town, Xinzhou City, Shanxi Province. In June 2007, it was listed in the first batch of municipal cultural relics protection units and intangible cultural heritage in Xinzhou City.

　　In order to make the bridge continue to undertake the modern traffic function, in recent years, the key parts of the bridge have been maintained to varying degrees. In 2019, Xinzhou Cultural Relics Bureau and Xinfu District Government put the maintenance of the iron beam bridge on the agenda, and successively organized and completed the preparation, demonstration, approval and engineering technical bidding of the maintenance scheme of the iron beam bridge, and started the maintenance of the iron beam bridge in early October 2019, and the main maintenance project was basically completed by the end of November.

　　However, the contrast video before and after the repair of the iron beam bridge caused a heated discussion on the Internet, and many cultural relics lovers thought that the bridge was "unrecognizable" and "lost its historical significance" after the repair.

　　On April 21, Xinzhou Cultural Relics Bureau announced that an investigation team had been set up in the local area to conduct a comprehensive investigation around the repair work of the iron beam bridge.

　　Professor Qi Jiahua, an expert in the restoration of ancient buildings in Xi ‘an University of Architecture and Technology, told the reporter of Legal Daily that the most important thing of an ancient building is its style and historical information. This restoration destroyed the original historical features of the ancient bridge and actually caused the depreciation of the ancient buildings. "Judging from the photos of the new bridge, it didn’t use the previous materials, so where did the previous materials go? If the whereabouts of these materials are unknown, it may also constitute a cultural relic crime. "

　　In recent years, it is nothing new that cultural relics are destroyed after restoration. In 2016, the wall and ground of a section of Xiaohekou Great Wall in Suizhong, Liaoning Province, which is known as the "most beautiful wild Great Wall", were directly paved with cement hardened pavement during the restoration process; An ancient building of the Republic of China named "Qiushui Villa" in Hangzhou, its mottled gatehouse and external wall were painted with a layer of yellow paint; In 2018, the painted sculptures in qinglian temple, a national key cultural relic protection unit, were painted with gold paint, which made them look brand-new, and the head of the Buddha statue was added with a ribbon that was not used before.

　　"Many historical sites can’t be used, but it is the symbol of that era, carrying the cultural information of that era and being unique." Qi Jiahua believes that the original intention of using historical sites to carry out tourism is good, but the local area has not done a good job in cultural relics protection. It is a very rough way to evaluate the ancients with modern technology. With new materials and new technology, there is no sense of vicissitudes and charm of history. Like Terracotta Warriors, Wild Goose Pagoda, Hanging Temple, etc., they are very old and have been repaired repeatedly, but their charm has not diminished. The main reason is that they have retained the original cultural genes.

　　Cultural relics should be repaired as old as before.

　　It is not advisable to destroy the authenticity.

　　In practice, what standards should be followed for the restoration of cultural relics? How can we achieve the balance between aesthetic feeling and practicality?

　　It is understood that the law on the protection of cultural relics stipulates that the principle of not changing the original state of cultural relics must be observed in the repair, maintenance and relocation of immovable cultural relics. The "Guidelines for the Protection of Cultural Relics and Monuments in China" stipulates that restoration should protect the original state and historical information of existing objects, and should be based on existing and valuable objects; The unique traditional technology must be preserved, and all new materials and new processes must be tested and studied in the early stage; Correctly grasp the aesthetic standards, and it is not allowed to change the original state of cultural relics by pursuing completeness and splendor.

　　Zhou Rong, director of the Institute of History, Culture and Tourism of Xi ‘an Academy of Social Sciences, pointed out that in the past practice, there were two different ideas about the restoration of cultural relics at home and abroad: "Repairing the old as the old" and "Different from the old". The first is a common idea in China at present, that is, to restore cultural relics in their original state, and the materials and techniques of restoration should be the same as those of cultural relics in their original state. The cultural relics thus restored are integrated, and generally no traces of restoration can be seen. However, some scholars have put forward different views on this. They think that since it has been repaired, we should distinguish the original things from the newly repaired things. This is the method of "the old is different from the new", that is, on the basis of not affecting the appearance, the repaired part is deliberately differentiated in color.

　　"No matter what kind of restoration concept, authenticity should be the first principle of cultural relics restoration. The restoration of cultural relics should conform to the era of cultural relics and its origin, and must be consistent with the original cultural features, and cannot be arbitrarily modified. In the process of restoration, aesthetic feeling and practicality must be balanced on the basis of maintaining authenticity, and the authenticity cannot be destroyed because the cultural relics are inconsistent with the current aesthetics. " Zhou Rong said.

　　Qi Jiahua believes that the restoration of cultural relics should adhere to the principle of "repairing the old as the old" in form, that is, to maintain the authenticity of history and reflect the technological level of that era; We should adhere to the "cultural gene" in content, that is, adhere to the aesthetic orientation and style of that era. For example, the Tang Dynasty preferred fullness, while the Song Dynasty preferred delicacy and thinness. "In the process of design and construction, experts should be invited to make suggestions and study what the style of the era in which cultural relics are located and what the corresponding technology is."

　　In the interview, Liu Rui, an associate researcher at the Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, said: "The standard of restoring cultural relics has been developing, and China’s traditional thought likes to be completely new, but now the recognized principle in the West is &lsquo; Repair the old as before &rsquo; . Restoration is a process of continuous discussion, which is an academic problem and should be cautious scientifically. I personally feel that it is enough to continue the local ecology and tradition and conform to the local aesthetics. "

　　Build a multi-party participation mechanism

　　Establish a system of accountability

　　The "destructive restoration" of cultural relics has occurred in many places. At present, China attaches great importance to cultural construction, and the protection and restoration of cultural relics are also paid more and more attention.

　　According to Article 66 of the Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics, if one of the following acts does not constitute a crime, the cultural relics department of the people’s government at or above the county level shall order it to make corrections, and if serious consequences are caused, it shall be fined between 50,000 yuan and 500,000 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, the qualification certificate shall be revoked by the original issuing authority: (1) carrying out construction projects or blasting, drilling, excavation and other operations within the protection scope of cultural relics protection units without authorization; (two) in the construction control zone of cultural relics protection units, the engineering design scheme has not been approved by the administrative department of cultural relics and submitted to the urban and rural construction planning department for approval, which has caused damage to the historical features of cultural relics protection units; (three) unauthorized removal, removal of immovable cultural relics; (four) unauthorized repair of immovable cultural relics, obviously changing the original state of cultural relics; (five) unauthorized reconstruction of immovable cultural relics that have been completely destroyed in the original site, resulting in the destruction of cultural relics; (six) the construction unit engaged in the repair, relocation and reconstruction of cultural relics without obtaining the qualification certificate of cultural relics protection project.

　　In the interview, Zhou Rong believed that cultural relics at all levels should be examined and approved by the corresponding cultural relics authorities according to their different grades. According to some previous cases, the corresponding administrative review procedures should be started for the situation of iron beam bridges. First of all, we must check the scientificity and rationality of the repair scheme. Secondly, the cultural relics management departments and responsible persons who do not meet the requirements should be held accountable.

　　"In the process of cultural relics protection and restoration, we must adhere to such a mechanism that the competent departments of cultural relics take the lead and cultural relics experts and scientific research institutions participate. In addition to the administrative departments of cultural relics, cultural relics experts should also actively participate in the proposal and implementation of cultural relics restoration programs. At the same time, a corresponding accountability system should be established. For some so-called protection schemes and practices that do not meet the requirements of cultural relics protection and wantonly destroy cultural relics, the decision makers, departments and evaluation experts who make decisions should be held accountable. " Zhou Rong said.

　　Qi Jiahua believes: "The iron beam bridge is a municipal-level cultural relics protection unit. According to the existing regulations, the ancient bridge needs to be submitted for approval in advance before it is repaired, and a site restoration plan must be proposed. Who put forward the current plan and how it was passed should be investigated. In addition, when local governments want to use local resources to do something, they should do it professionally, rather than relying solely on enthusiasm and slapping their heads. The government should use the relevant institutions of higher learning and research institutes to give full play to the strength of professionals, so that it can get twice the result with half the effort. "

　　Zhou Rong suggested that in the process of cultural relics protection, due to the financial constraints of local governments, there may be a funding gap. The state should consider setting up corresponding funds or special funds to increase support for local cultural relics protection and make up for the funding gap.

A few days ago, the world’s first Mercedes-Maybach Atelier City Brand Center opened at 558 Shanghai Bund Financial Center, located in the heart of a world-class metropolis.

According to the introduction, the Mercedes-Maybach Lijing City Brand Center is jointly built by Chinese and German designers. It combines the brand’s luxurious ritual sense with artistic style to present an elegant new environment exclusive to Maybach and tailor-made for Chinese customers. The entire space covers an area of 541 square meters and is arranged with a thick door with 9981 metal nails.

Inspired by the classic Maybach two-tone car paint, the interior space and decoration of the Mercedes-Maybach Lijing City Brand Center are mostly contrasting colors, presenting a sense of contrast and visual impact. The space division is a perfect balance between functionality and artistic sense, arranging different functional areas such as private salons, in-depth experiences of physical and digital art integration, and new concept digital facilities in an orderly manner.

In terms of functions, the Mercedes-Maybach Lijing City Brand Center will equip each customer with Lijing consultants to provide exclusive sales consultation, customer care and vehicle maintenance services, and at the same time provide "MANUFAKTUR ingenious haute couture" exclusive customization services, on top of the existing high-end model lineup, to provide high-end customers with a wider range of personalized choices.

By 2030, more Maybach City Brand Centers and other Maybach-exclusive retail formats will compete around the world. With the launch of the City Brand Center, Mercedes-Maybach’s sales channels and marketing strategies will continue to be upgraded, and the high-end product matrix will further expand the branding impression and reputation.

At the same time, the Mercedes-Maybach S 680 4MATIC "MANUFAKTUR ingenious haute couture" model was also unveiled at the event, MANUFAKTUR means "handmade" in German. Among them, the exclusive customization service of "MANUFAKTUR ingenious haute couture" aims to provide customers with unique aesthetic taste with a wider range of product choices and meet their diverse aesthetic and craftsmanship demands.

It is worth mentioning that the Maybach S-Class car is a representative inheritor of national intangible cultural heritage Chinese painting paint skills, Qiu Qingnian, inspired by the magnificent Chinese color, and innovatively created four customized car paints, including: Xuan Black (MANUFAKTUR matte night black), Ji Qing (MANUFAKTUR mysterious blue metal), Moon White (MANUFAKTUR porcelain blue), Luanhua (MANUFAKTUR matte cloud desert gold).

Inspired by the "magnificent national color", Mercedes-Maybach also invited three outstanding contemporary Chinese artists, Ma Wen, Chen Yingjie, and Cao Yuxi, to present the theme art exhibition "Heavy Color Thousand Mountains". This art exhibition includes three dimensions: "Li Cheng", "New Thinking", and "Future", as well as three exhibition chapters: "Jiangshan Variety", "Boating Happy", and "Chongshan Shenyuan". The exhibition will be held at Shanghai Fosun Art Center from October 22 to 30.

In addition, Gorden Wagener, chief design officer of the Mercedes-Benz Group AG, and the talented designer Virgil Abloh have just completed the Chinese debut of a concept car, the Project MAYBACH. Among them, the Mercedes-Maybach S 680 Virgil Abloh limited edition, limited to 150 units worldwide.

The Project MAYBACH concept car showcases functionality, style and collaborative creativity in a forward-looking design language, and combines the concepts of "luxury" and "practicality", demonstrating the organic balance of nature and car technology and the exploration of future luxury.

The Mercedes-Maybach S 680 Virgil Abloh limited edition and ready-to-wear capsule collection is the first model launched by Mercedes-Benz in the Chinese market to support Dolby Atmos. The car’s Burmester high-end 4D surround sound system creates a new 4D somatosensory with acoustic massage with 31 speakers, 8 seat oscillators, 2 amplifiers and 1750 watts of output power. Dolby Atmos, on the other hand, goes beyond mono or stereo to achieve a 360 ° multi-dimensional range, providing drivers with a studio-quality sound experience.

The original Fang Sheng’s lecture on tracing is included in the topic # Tracing Talk 88# Caste System 2# India 2# Aryan 2.

Follow the trail and tell.

Give life another possibility with culture.

Author: Fang Sheng

Pictures/Typesetting/Proofreading: Tracing Xiaobian

The full text is about 3200 words, which takes about 10 minutes.

01

What is the caste system?

First of all, we have to be clear about a question: Why is the caste system called "caste"?

Because it is not the same as the simple racial hierarchy, it is not to say that you are black and you are low in rank, but to frame you in a specific social class with your bloodline.

Moreover, surnames are bound to families. Just look at your surnames and you will know at which level your family should be. In this way, as long as you limit each family to intermarry within the same caste, you can be framed and it is almost impossible to cross classes, thus stabilizing people at all levels of the whole society.

India’s caste system was first invented by foreign Aryans. After they conquered northern India, they invented such a hierarchy in order to facilitate the rule of the indigenous Dravida people. It was generally called Varna, which was the predecessor of the later caste system, and the religion used to explain this system was Hinduism.

▲ Indian Aryans (left) Dravidian (right) The picture originated from the Internet.

The core of the Varna system is "clean" and "unclean", clean or not.

For example, whether you are a vegetarian, whether you are exposed to corpses, blood, etc., some Aryan classics also give a clean contempt chain for many things. For example, gold is cleaner than silver, silver is cleaner than bronze, bronze is cleaner than brass, and brass is cleaner than pottery.

For another example, there are 12 kinds of unclean things on people, not to mention shit, even spitting is unclean.

▲ People who wash on the banks of the Ganges River: Hinduism believes that water can wash unclean and evil, and the Ganges River has the best washing effect, so Indians often bathe or wipe their bodies on both sides of the Ganges River. Image from the network

If a person touches something unclean, then he is unclean. However, people’s impurity is temporary and permanent. I’ve got something dirty on my body, and it’s unclean. Wash it, and of course it’s clean again.

However, if you often touch unclean things, people’s impurity becomes permanent.

For example, those who specialize in disposing of corpses and burying the dead, and those who often wash clothes with blood, if you keep doing this kind of work, you will be unclean, and you will have to be isolated from others, so as not to meet others and get them dirty.

They can’t even cover the shadows of other castes. Cover them and say that you have polluted others’ shadows. Therefore, such people are called "untouchables". They can’t touch them. They are too dirty.

▲ According to the Varna scale painted in the Song of the Rigveda Primitive Man, Brahman is the mouth of Primitive Man, Khshatriya is the arms of Primitive Man, Vedas are the thighs of Primitive Man, and sudra is the feet of Primitive Man. As for untouchables, they are excluded from the body of primitive people. Image from the network

This is the lowest level in the whole caste system, and it is called "Da Park Jung Su", which means "Dalit". Dalits are basically conquered Indian aborigines, mainly the Dravidians.

02

Control Indian society

Except for these untouchables who are always unclean, the rest are divided into four castes, which are called Varna. From low to high, they are: sudra, Vishnu, Khrushchev, Brahman.

Let’s look at the lowest level, Varna: sudra.

Hinduism says that sudra people changed from the feet of primitive people. The concept of primitive people is very complicated. To put it simply, it is the life body that started the universe in Aryan mythology, and later turned into everything in the world, which is somewhat similar to Pangu in China mythology.

Sudra is mainly a Dalopita, and this class is a slave, similar to the domestic slaves in ancient China, mainly serving people.

▲ The Dalai Lama map originated from the Internet.

Varna, one level higher than sudra, is a monastery, which was changed from primitive legs. Aryan classics stipulate that the Vedas can farm, graze and do business. To put it bluntly, they are ordinary people who can earn a living by their own physical or mental labor. The next level is the Khrushchev, which is the arm of the primitive man.

Khrushchev is a warrior class with political and military power, but no religious power. Religious power is in the highest level of Varna, that is, in the hands of Brahmins. According to Aryan classics, Brahman is the mouth of primitive people, that is, the spokesman of God.

Brahman and Khrushchev, basically Aryans, control the whole country in religious and secular aspects respectively.

Brahman, Khrushchev and Visha, men of these three castes, when they are about 10 years old, should be presided over by Brahman, which is similar to adult ceremony.

▲ The caste system map originated from the network.

Born from the womb, it was only a physical birth. After this ritual, it was a spiritual birth. This is a true Hindu who can participate in various religious ceremonies. Body+spirit, born twice, so these three castes are also called "regeneration clan".

Sudra and Dalits can’t participate in the ritual, so these people are only born physically, not spiritually, which is called "Lifetime Family". According to the teachings of Hinduism, because the whole generation has no spirit, it is no different from animals.

So you see, this system is completely for controlling people’s use. All people are born with their own position in society, and they have been brainwashed by this theory since childhood, which is convinced.

As a result, the whole society has a clear division of labor, the political power is stable, and Aryans, as rulers, have the final say in how the system determines them, so they have to come to things related to religion and sacrifice; As the conquered people, the Dravidians have to do all the dirty work, including social production, farming and grazing.

▲ Monks who play music that serves the gods-Brahmins (upper left) warriors with weapons are also feudal lords-Khrushchev (upper right) businessmen who calculate money with scales are also farmers-Vedas (lower left) have no symbols at the bottom slave-sudra (lower right) The picture originated from the network.

When the Aryans first came up with this Varna system, they didn’t actually involve oppression or slavery. Their main purpose was to make everyone have a fixed social division of labor, such as cleaning toilets and cleaning bodies. If the Aryans didn’t want to do it, they had to be done by the Dravidians, so they were the conquered.

For another example, Brahmins have the highest rank, and they control religion. However, the warrior class represented by the king is the second-class Khrushchev. If you think about it with your toes, you can know that whoever has the army has the final say, and it is actually Khrushchev who holds the real power. Therefore, it does not mean that Brahmins will oppress Khrushchev and Khrushchev will oppress lower-level monasteries.

Discrimination between different classes actually developed later.

03

Residual poison has caused harm to this day.

As we said before, the history of India is almost a history of foreign conquest. India is constantly invaded and conquered by foreign nationalities. Every time a foreign invasion, it will bring new culture and impact the caste system.

So how can this set of things continue to this day?

In fact, the reason is very simple. No matter who conquered India, when you look at this system of Aryans, everyone applauds, which is conducive to rule. Therefore, whoever comes here is careless, and everything remains the same. If any conqueror wants to change the caste system, it must be a bad thing.

▲ Mughal empire map originated from the network.

For example, in the 16th century, Mongolians established the Mughal Empire in northern India. These Mongolians were culturally Islamized, but after they conquered India, they did not forcibly promote Islam, but used Hinduism to rule India, with good results.

After several generations of emperors, the emperor’s brain was pumping, and he insisted on pushing Islam all over the country, which led to boiling public grievances. sudra and Dalits have been pigs and dogs for thousands of years, and you Mongolians have to make people own things, which hurts the heavens. Therefore, resistance came one after another everywhere, which eventually led to the collapse of the empire and India’s division again.

After India became independent from Britain in 1947, as a country determined to modernize, India will certainly abolish the caste system.

▲ Indian Mahatma who is persuading the Indian people to give up the caste system-Gandhi originated from the Internet.

Although the caste system has been abolished in law, it is still deeply rooted in the minds of ordinary people. In daily life, the influence of the caste system still exists, such as finding a job and renting a house, and there will be caste discrimination to some extent.

Marriage is even more so. According to tradition, people of the same caste can marry, but men of high caste can also marry women of low caste. This is called marriage, and the children born are still of high caste. However, if a high-caste woman marries a low-caste man, it is called reverse marriage, and the children they gave birth to are the lowest untouchables.

However, the population of Brahman and Khrushchev, the highest caste, accounts for a small proportion, which leads to a situation. Some high-caste women can’t find men, and their families can only attract men of the same caste through rich dowry, while many low-caste women also want to climb high-caste men, and their families will also increase the dowry. As a result, no matter which caste, women have become the burden of the family. Whether before or after marriage, their family status is very low, and their wives are almost husbands.

▲ Indian wedding map originated from the Internet.

According to the survey statistics of some international organizations, a quarter of Indian men admit that they have committed sexual violence, and a fifth of Indian men admit that they have done something similar to rape. Moreover, more than half of Indian men believe that women should fight and not fight is dishonest.

Therefore, there are a lot of rape cases that have exploded in India in recent years, and I don’t know how many have not. These men who commit crimes basically don’t treat women as human beings. The root causes can be traced back to the caste system.

Then why can’t this caste system be eradicated?

The main reason is that India has never experienced a thorough social revolution. If nothing else, look at China. Thousands of years of feudal ethics, so many bad habits, the Revolution of 1911, and the May 4th Movement have washed away the things in the old society.

India, on the other hand, has never been. The conquerors of foreign invasions have to rule the local people with the help of the caste system. They hope that the caste system will continue all the time. The founding of India is not a result of violent revolution to overthrow the British colonists, but a result of compromise. The original political forces and various cultures have basically been preserved. As the core content of Hinduism, the caste system is even more difficult to be completely eradicated.

(End)

1905 movie network news The live-action version of "The Lion King" has released a new teaser. In the teaser, Simba became a wild crane after leaving his country, but after meeting Nana again, he returned to his country again and vowed to take back the throne.

　

The look and feel of the whole trailer is very shocking. The animals created by computer technology are almost 100% realistic and restored. Especially at the end of the trailer, the appearance of Pumbaa and Timon makes the trailer reach a climax. As the most beloved characters in the entire film, Pumbaa and Timon can be said to be very popular. The new version of "The Lion King" was conceived and directed by director Jon Favreau and is a remake of Disney’s animated classic "The Lion King". It will be a live-action and CG movie. Although it is not exactly a live-action movie, it definitely looks like it. Fei Ru will draw on his experience in "The Forest of Fantasy" – using live child actors and using cutting-edge technology and a green screen set in a Los Angeles studio to produce jungle and animals.

　

As for the voice actors, Donald Glover is the voice of Simba; Beyoncé Knowles is the voice of friend and girlfriend Nana, James Earl Jones is the voice of his father Mufasa, and Chevat Egafort is the voice of his uncle Scar. Alpha coefficient Ward is the voice of his mother Sharabi, Billy Eichner is the voice of Timon, and Seth Rogan is the voice of Pumbaa; John Carney is the voice of Drill Lafitchie, and "Lost Olive" John Oliver is the voice of the hornbill Shazu. Florence Kasamba, Eric Andrew and Gigan-Michael Kay also participated in the voice work of the film. It is worth noting that James Earl Jones is also the actor who voiced Mufasa in the original animation.

　

The 1994 animated version of "The Lion King" is considered one of the pinnacles of Disney’s animated film and the entire history of animated film. After a long period of recession in the 1970s and 1980s, the film was the culmination of Disney’s successful comeback. "The Lion King" tells the story of Simba, the little Lion King, who, accompanied by many passionate friends, not only experienced the most glorious moments of his life, but also encountered the most difficult challenges, and finally became the king of the forest. He also realized the true meaning of life in the endless cycle of nature.

　

Currently. The live-action version of The Lion King will be released on July 19, 2019.

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