The number of guaranteed research places is issued by the Ministry of Education every year according to the situation, and it is generally announced in early September. The number of research places in each university is relatively fixed and will not change much. The online statistics of the university’s insurance research rate is only the number of insurance research divided by the number of students enrolled in that year, and it does not represent all universities.

The actual number of research places will be adjusted according to the employment situation. In 2020, for example, the global employment situation is grim due to the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic. Many companies have closed down and a large number of employees have lost their jobs, and fresh graduates are facing great employment pressure. In order to alleviate this situation, the Ministry of Education has made it clear that it will expand the enrollment of graduate students.

The determination of the number of research places is not imaginary, but allocated according to the actual situation. The Ministry of Education will comprehensively consider the enrollment plans of various universities, the development needs of disciplines and majors, the employment situation and other factors, and rationally divide the number of postgraduate places.

It is very important for students who want to take part in research, to understand the principles and methods of quota allocation. You can get the latest information on the number of places for research by paying attention to the relevant policies and notices of the Ministry of Education and consulting the graduate admissions office of your school.

When applying for postgraduate insurance, students need to prepare personal materials and application forms in advance, and fill in and submit them according to the requirements of the school. At the same time, it is necessary to pay attention to the policies and requirements of each university to understand the specific application process and evaluation criteria.

In addition, students can improve their comprehensive quality and increase the competitiveness of insurance research by strengthening their academic research and scientific research capabilities. Participating in scientific research projects, publishing academic papers, winning awards, etc. are all points that are conducive to research protection.

It’s not an easy task to guarantee research, which requires students to make a lot of efforts during their college years. However, as long as students maintain a good learning attitude, actively participate in various activities, and constantly improve their overall quality, I believe they will be able to successfully apply for postgraduate studies.

　　In recent years, Yuquan District, Hohhot City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region has incorporated self-service terminals such as social security and provident fund into the government service hall to create a "7×24-hour government service self-service supermarket", which is convenient for enterprises and citizens to "self-help, do it at any time and wait for it" around the clock. The picture shows a few days ago, citizens handled the housing provident fund business by themselves in the "24-hour government service self-service supermarket" in Yuquan District. Photo by Ding Genhou (People’s Vision)

　　There have been new changes in the housing provident fund policy. Recently, the General Office of the State Council issued a document, emphasizing the support of housing provident fund for renting houses. In the same period, many cities across the country adjusted their housing provident fund policies: some raised the amount of provident fund loans; Some cancel the provision of "one of the two options for withdrawal and loan"; Some relax the scope of use of provident fund … … According to experts’ analysis, the adjustment of the provident fund policy can reduce the purchase cost of the just-needed groups, effectively boost market confidence, and work with other "stable property market" policies to jointly promote the healthy development of the real estate market.

　　Higher quota, reducing the cost of home buyers.

　　Compared with commercial loans, the interest rate of housing provident fund loans is lower, so it is favored by many buyers. Taking Beijing as an example, in 2021, 94,154 individual housing loans with housing accumulation fund were issued in Beijing, with 72.399 billion yuan, up by 13.5% and 15.3% respectively, and the interest rate was about 2 percentage points lower than that of commercial loans, which could effectively reduce the purchase cost of buyers.

　　To meet the new demand of buyers, this year, the amount of provident fund loans has been raised in many places across the country. Zhou Huan works for a logistics company in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province. Last year, he and his wife welcomed their second child. "Before Erbao was born, my daughter-in-law and I always rented a house with the boss. Now that we have a second child, it is not convenient to rent a house. We plan to buy a suite in Ningbo. " Zhou Huan said, "It just happened to meet the new policy of Ningbo this year. For families with two or three children, as long as the provident fund has been paid for two years and meets the first loan and the first suite of the provident fund, the maximum loan amount has increased from the previous 600,000 yuan to 800,000 yuan, which is a good thing for us." Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province also proposed that if employees who normally pay housing provident fund in the city apply for housing provident fund loans for the first time to buy the first family self-occupied housing, the maximum loan amount for a single person will rise from 300,000 yuan to 400,000 yuan, and the maximum loan amount for two or more people will rise from 600,000 yuan to 800,000 yuan. Nanning, Guangxi has made it clear that the maximum amount of provident fund loans for the first home will be adjusted to 800,000 yuan and the maximum amount of provident fund loans for the second home will be adjusted to 700,000 yuan from June 1 this year.

　　Some cities have adjusted the down payment ratio of housing provident fund loans. Linyi City, Shandong Province issued a new regulation, clarifying that if both husband and wife pay the housing provident fund in full and normally, the upper limit of the loan for purchasing self-occupied housing provident fund will be raised from the current 500,000 yuan to 600,000 yuan, and the down payment ratio of the second set of improved housing provident fund loans will be lowered from 40% to 30%. Jingzhou City, Hubei Province also lowered the down payment ratio of second-home provident fund loans from 40% to 30%, and cancelled the provision that "individual housing provident fund withdrawal and loans can only be one of two choices" to expand the supply of provident fund funds for buyers.

　　Some cities have relaxed the construction period limit of housing provident fund loans. According to the new regulations implemented in Luzhou City, Sichuan Province on May 1, the construction period of the house purchased by the employee’s family should not exceed 20 years, and the sum of the house age and the loan period should not exceed 40 years, and the loan period should not exceed the remaining land use rights of the house purchased. Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province proposed to relax the housing age of second-hand housing provident fund loans from 20 years to 30 years, and the sum of the loan age and housing age should not exceed 50 years.

　　"For the real estate industry, both consumers, developers and operators need a lot of money." Zhao Xiuchi, a researcher at the Economic and Social Research Institute of capital university of economics and business Megacities, said that relaxing the housing provident fund loan policy is conducive to consumers buying houses and reducing the cost pressure of developers and operators, thus achieving a virtuous circle and sustainable development.

　　More uses, more people to benefit from.

　　In addition to the loan to buy a house, the housing provident fund can also be used to pay the rent of the house to meet the needs of renters.

　　Xiao Zhu rented a house with one bedroom and one living room in Yuzhong District, Chongqing, with a monthly rent of more than 1,000 yuan. "I heard from my colleagues that the provident fund can be proposed for renting, so I applied." Xiao Zhu told the reporter that the application form for drawing provident fund to pay the rental fee, the summary table of units for drawing provident fund in batches and other materials will be handed over to the local provident fund management center after being sealed by the unit, and then the provident fund can be drawn out. "I applied for more than 10,000 yuan, and I arrived on the same day."

　　The reporter inquired about the "Regulations on the Management of Housing Provident Fund" and found that in addition to the common purchase of self-occupied housing, the provident fund can also be used for construction, renovation and overhaul of self-occupied housing.

　　In recent years, some cities have introduced a new policy, which makes it clear that employees can withdraw housing provident fund for the renovation of old communities. For example, Guizhou Province has issued a policy to support workers’ families whose residential areas are included in the renovation of local old residential areas to withdraw housing provident fund for housing renovation such as installing elevators, strengthening housing structures, adding security facilities, repairing doors and windows and indoor water (electricity, gas) pipelines. From May to December last year, Guizhou Province handled 124 withdrawals with a withdrawal amount of 5,138,300 yuan. According to the Annual Report of Changsha Housing Provident Fund in 2021, in 2021, the housing provident fund in Changsha City, Hunan Province supported 290 employee families to withdraw 15.571 million yuan from the housing provident fund, which was used to build elevators in existing houses and support the renovation of old communities. According to the Annual Report of Xiamen Housing Provident Fund in 2021, at the end of 2021, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, supported the installation of elevators in old houses and the renovation of old elevators, and extracted a total of 1,326 housing provident funds, amounting to 67.1519 million yuan.

　　"The establishment of the housing provident fund system is to solve the housing problem. Whether it is renting a house or renovating an old community, it is to solve the housing problem and is the proper use of the housing provident fund, which is consistent with the provisions of the Regulations on the Management of Housing Provident Funds." Zhao Xiuchi said. However, due to the lack of detailed regulations and support for the withdrawal of housing provident fund for rental housing and the renovation of old residential areas, such as the withdrawal of rental housing expenditure exceeding 5% of income, the consumption of such provident fund is relatively low.

　　A few days ago, the General Office of the State Council issued the Opinions on Further Releasing Consumption Potential and Promoting the Sustainable Recovery of Consumption, proposing to increase public consumption reasonably, emphasizing "supporting depositors to withdraw housing provident fund for rental housing, and continuing to support residents in old urban communities to withdraw housing provident fund for the renovation of self-occupied housing such as installing elevators". Experts believe that this will help to rationally expand the scope of the use of provident funds and bring more convenience to the public.

　　More convenient and help the healthy development of the property market.

　　The procedures for handling the provident fund are also increasingly simplified and convenient. After living in Foshan City, Guangdong Province for more than a year, Li Jing quit his original job and went to work in Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province. Considering the demand for housing, recently, she transferred the provident fund of her last work place to her existing account. "In ‘ National housing accumulation fund ’ Click ‘ in the applet. Transfer and connection ’ , simply fill in your personal information and you can handle it. It was successful in two days, but I didn’t expect it to be so fast. "

　　Inquire about the balance of the provident fund, calculate the mortgage, and transfer the provident fund funds in different places … … In the second half of last year, the "National Housing Provident Fund" applet was put into operation. The depositor can handle a lot of business on the mobile phone without leaving home. As of February this year, all localities have set up 6,460 offline special windows and 1,364 online special zones for the "inter-provincial general office" business, and handled more than 23.3 million businesses through the whole process of online office, collection agency and joint office between the two places.

　　Experts believe that the recent adjustment of the housing provident fund system is conducive to promoting the healthy development of the real estate industry. "On the one hand, adjusting the provident fund policy has reduced the cost of buying houses for consumers and expanded the use of housing provident fund." Zhao Xiuchi said, "On the other hand, policy adjustment can have an impact on social expectations, which will help increase consumers’ confidence in the healthy development of the property market, which will expand effective demand and thus promote the sustainable development of the real estate industry." In addition, most of the areas that have recently introduced the new housing accumulation fund policy belong to second-,third-and fourth-tier cities, where the property market is relatively depressed, and the introduction of the new policy is conducive to promoting the development of the local real estate industry.

　　The reporter noted that in addition to adjusting the housing provident fund policy, since the beginning of this year, various "stable property market" policies have been introduced in many places across the country, covering reducing down payment, easing credit, reducing subsidy deed tax, and attracting talents to subsidize the purchase of houses. A few days ago, the People’s Bank of China and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange issued the Notice on Doing a Good Job in Financial Services for Epidemic Prevention and Control and Economic and Social Development, which made it clear that the differentiated housing credit policy should be implemented according to the city’s policy, and the minimum down payment ratio and minimum loan interest rate requirements for commercial personal housing loans within its jurisdiction should be reasonably determined to better meet the reasonable housing needs of buyers.

　　How to ensure that the real estate market continues to run smoothly? Ni Hong, vice minister of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, said that the long-term mechanism of real estate will be implemented steadily, the demand for rigid housing will be guaranteed, the demand for improved housing will be met, and the land price, housing price and expectations will continue to be stabilized, so as to promote the virtuous circle and healthy development of the real estate industry due to the city’s policies.

　　According to the latest data of China Clearing Center, by the end of March, the number of investors in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets had exceeded 150 million for the first time, among which the number of new investors increased by 103% in March, and the number of new investors in a single month reached a new high since April 2017. In view of investors’ "running" into the market, the judge reminded investors to be alert to various risks in the process of stock trading.

　　1 Can you believe the "zero threshold and high leverage" of OTC fund-raising stocks?

　　Zhang inadvertently learned from the internet that a company can provide investors with 8 times leverage to invest in small stocks. Under the promotion of customer service staff, Zhang invested 1 million yuan in the company’s fund-raising account, but less than two months later, he found that the trading platform could not log in, the website was closed, and the customer service was not answered. After investigation, the company does not have the qualification to operate securities business, and many investors have reported the case to the public security organs, reflecting that the company defrauded funds. In the end, Zhang not only didn’t get the stock market income through off-exchange fund-raising, but sank his principal into the sea, and there was no way to claim compensation.

　　In order to obtain high leverage, many investors borrow money from fund-raising companies to trade stocks by paying high interest rates. However, it should be noted that OTC fund-raising funds do not directly inject the fund-raising funds into investors’ personal accounts, but require investors to put funds into accounts controlled by platforms and trade them on their designated stock operating platforms. In order to ensure the safety of trading, fund-raising companies often set a loss warning line. When the trading funds are lower than the liquidation line, investors’ stocks will be forced to liquidate. It can be seen that the legal risk of OTC stock allocation is extremely high.

　　The author reminds investors that due to the high leverage ratio of over-the-counter fund-raising, it is often accompanied by abnormally high fruits collected, and highly leveraged transactions undoubtedly amplify their own investment risks. Moreover, the investor’s account is jointly controlled by himself and the fund-raising company. Therefore, under the off-exchange fund-raising, the property security of his account is weak, and the company may run away with money. In addition, because OTC fund-raising companies often do not have perfect risk control and external supervision, it is difficult for investors to complain after problems arise.

　　2 Is it reliable to use the property without funds as collateral?

　　In short, "house mortgage" means that a borrower applies for a one-time or recycling loan from a bank or a borrowing company with his or her own property as collateral.

　　From the current point of view, the legal risk is still high whether it is through banks or borrowing companies to borrow money for stock trading through "house mortgage". First, after the bank "house mortgage", the borrowing funds will be misappropriated for stock trading, and the bank may announce that all loans will expire in advance and bear the responsibility for breach of contract. Second, it may be necessary to bear higher fruits of default, and the investment cost of investors has increased sharply. Banks often require investors who misappropriate loans to bear the penalty interest rate of 100%, while borrowing companies will directly agree with investors on high interest rates in the contract. Third, "house mortgage" is essentially a highly leveraged stock market in disguise, and the risk coefficient of stock market itself is extremely high. If you invest your real estate in the stock market, you may "transfer" your own real estate to others if you are not careful.

　　For example, after seeing his friend make a profit in the market, Liu felt that he had no funds at hand, so he thought that he had a suite. He might as well apply for a mortgage loan from the bank and invest in the stock market to make a big profit before returning it to the bank. So, Liu applied for a loan from the bank and signed the Personal Mortgage Loan Contract. The two parties agreed that the loan type was a consumer (decoration) loan with an amount of 500,000 yuan, and clearly agreed that the borrower should not change the purpose of the loan without the consent of the lender. In order to guarantee the performance of creditor’s rights, Liu provided mortgage guarantee for the loan under his name and registered the mortgage. However, after receiving the above money, Liu did not use it for consumption as agreed, but put all the loans into the stock market. After the stock market plummeted, Liu failed to fulfill his repayment obligations as scheduled, resulting in breach of contract. The bank quickly sued Liu to the court, demanding that he fulfill the repayment obligations under the contract, including all the principal and interest. Because he did not use the loan as agreed in the contract and used it for other purposes, the bank asked Liu to bear the penalty interest of 100% increase in the loan interest rate, and demanded that the mortgaged house be auctioned and sold, and the priority should be paid. Liu’ s cleverness was finally exchanged for the bitter fruit that was not worth the loss.

　　Investors should follow the principle of moderation when trading stocks and do what they can. We should combine our own economic situation and ability, adhere to rational investment, and don’t easily borrow money for stock trading through banks, P2P companies, off-site fund-raising and other means to avoid digging a "trap".

　　3 If you don’t know the stock, can you ask the "master" to speculate on it?

　　Sun was then the bank account manager of the sales management department of a securities company. At the end of April 2017, Xiaomou, who had always deposited in the bank, suggested opening an account in the securities company and recommending himself as his agent for stock trading. After negotiation, the two sides signed the "Entrusted Financial Management Agreement", which stipulated: "Sun used 1.5 million yuan in Xiaomou’s securities account for stock trading, and the two sides divided it into 28%. If there is a principal loss, it will be borne by Sun." After the stock market fell, Sun’s operation caused a loss of 800,000 yuan for Xiaomou, but he did not bear the responsibility according to the contract. Therefore, Xiaomou filed a lawsuit with the court. The court found through trial that there was a contractual relationship between the two parties, but Sun was an employee of a securities company and accepted Xiao’s entrustment to buy and sell stocks during his tenure. According to Article 43 of the Securities Law, "it is forbidden for employees of securities companies to hold or buy and sell stocks under a pseudonym or in the name of others during their term of office." Therefore, the entrustment contract relationship between Sun and Xiao should be invalid, and the problem of financial loss should be determined according to the fault degree of both parties and the principle of fairness.

　　In real life, many investors have more confidence in the stock trading level of professional securities practitioners, so they trust their stock accounts to be handled privately by securities practitioners, but there are considerable legal risks. First of all, it is legally invalid to entrust investors’ accounts to securities practitioners to operate on their behalf. If this method is adhered to, it may not only lead to the failure to achieve the purpose of the contract, but also make it difficult to protect their rights and interests by law. Secondly, because the account is operated by others, it means that the account funds and passwords are controlled by others and cannot be completely controlled, and the security and risk of account funds are significantly increased; Finally, in the reality of entrusting others to stock trading, the entrusting parties are often friends or relatives. If there are disputes and disputes during the period of entrusting stock trading, people and money may be empty and go to court.

　　The author reminds that investors should take good care of their stock accounts, and never let securities practitioners do the stock trading on their behalf. If they have to entrust other ordinary people to do the stock trading, they must draw up the entrustment contract in advance to avoid disputes. If there is a dispute in the process of investing in stocks, investors should first keep the relevant evidence intact in time and actively negotiate with each other to solve it. If the settlement fails, they can also safeguard their legitimate rights and interests through arbitration or litigation.

　　(Author: Beijing Chaoyang District People’s Court　Zhou jianbin)

Xia Zichen SHIATZY CHEN AW2023/2024 Series

Accompanied by the remix suite, dozens of eastern and western models dressed in new autumn and winter clothes walked on stage through giant silk thread installations. Ms. SHIATZYCHEN, the design director, based on the closer emotional connection between people, was inspired by the purse embroidered, lodged and conveyed by ancient women in China, and turned the exquisite aesthetics and deep feelings of the oriental nation into a continuous embroidery thread, interwoven and embedded in the western classic clothing concept. Cheongsam and oblique-breasted tailoring appear in a large number of works. The sharp neckline and ironing waistline outline the gentle figure, while the western-style wide-sleeved jacket and mopping dress skirt that simulate the purse-shaped outline give a sense of physical strength wrapped in gorgeous fabrics. Of course, there are also distinctive styles of collision: the literati’s Tang suit matched the palace knight coat, the metal down jacket lined with Hanfu horse-faced skirt, the tweed jacket with Chinese pleated wide pants … … The theme of "Lotus Mian" triggered a long and flexible creativity, crossed cultural barriers, created a concerto with blended styles, and raised the "new Chinese elegance" style initiated by SHIATZY CHEN to a new height.

Xia Zichen SHIATZY CHEN AW2023/2024 Series

Embroidery, as an element of purse conveying feelings, also shines brightly in this series. Designers superimpose innovative hand embroidery techniques through classic embroidery techniques, and interpret patterns such as phoenix, peony and exquisite full-page ruyi moire, which are symbols of auspicious. The rich three-dimensional visual changes and real and delicate texture make those who are in the show feel shocked. Handbag is an important accessory to interpret the theme of purse. Ms. SHIATZYCHEN, the brand design director, is inspired by the jade material beloved by oriental women. The purse-shaped handbag with jade bracelet as the handle combines classical charm and modern three-dimensional line sense, and other variants and multi-purpose "purse handbags" published simultaneously have their own ingenious design ideas, reflecting the diverse ways of self-expression of the new generation.

Xia Zichen SHIATZY CHEN AW2023/2024 Series

Competing with the works of the new season are the taste stars with their own shining styles. Yang Ziqiong, an international superstar, has a deep friendship with Ms. SHIATZY CHEN, the design director of SHIATZY CHEN, because she has a common concept of promoting Chinese culture. This time, she came to the show in a sequined gown of Shiatzy Chen’s early spring holiday series, and once again interpreted the oriental charm on the international stage. Liu Yu, the captain of INTO1, who was exclusively invited by SHIATZY CHEN to watch the show in Paris, chose Chinese and western formal dresses to wear in a overlapping style. The luxurious materials carefully researched by SHIATZY CHEN made the all-black design rich in layers, showing the elegant charm of "a beautiful boy with national style". Actress Shen Mengchen, who appeared in SHIATZY CHEN’s long dress in spring and summer, has a slim waist, and the combination of a Chinese-style shoulder strap and a Hollywood skirt is a perfect "battle suit". Li Meng, a movie star, wears SHIATZY CHEN’s iconic lace embroidered dress. Pure white cotton makes her look exquisite and restrained, which is worth tasting again and again. Crystal, an actor, interprets the retro atmosphere of SHIATZY CHEN with a geometric cut dress that pays tribute to the 1960s. Actress Eva Huang used SHIATZY CHEN’s three-dimensional feathered wugan yarn skirt in spring and summer with holiday wugan yarn coat, and the transparent and crisp material was very high, and then she used a jade bracelet handle handbag as the finishing touch, which showed the beauty of the East without words.

Xia Zichen SHIATZY CHEN AW2023/2024 Paris Fashion Week Starlight Glimmer

# Xia Zichen AW2023/2024 Paris Fashion Week # # Pouch ##Heartstrings## Xia Zichen AW2023/2024 Series #

The original distressing Jiushu 39 Health Network

In the group match of Asian Youth Badminton Championship on June 30th, 17-year-old Zhang Zhijie of China Badminton Team suddenly fainted and died after being sent to hospital for rescue.

According to the press conference of Indonesian Badminton Association on July 1st, the treatment and examination results of Air Force Central Hospital and Central General Hospital showed that Zhang Zhijie died of sudden cardiac arrest.

In the face of sudden bad news, many teammates of Zhang Zhijie expressed their condolences over his death. Some teammates said that "Zhang Zhijie was in good health at ordinary times and had never heard of any diseases".

The death of such a young and promising child is really sad, and his departure also reminds us that even people who seem to be healthy at ordinary times may die suddenly.

This has a great relationship with the reasons behind sudden cardiac arrest.

Cardiac arrest refers to the sudden stop of the heart, which leads to the interruption of blood circulation, and the organs of the body can not get enough oxygen and nutrition. If not rescued in time, the patient will soon die.

This is often the main cause of sudden cardiac death.

According to China Cardiovascular Disease Report, about 544,000 people die of sudden cardiac death (SCD) every year in China, which is equivalent to one person dying of cardiac arrest every minute.

Because of the rapid onset and unpredictable onset time of sudden cardiac death, sometimes people around you will be gone before they can react, so it is very important to understand its inducement, symptoms before coming and preventive measures.

Although sudden cardiac death is urgent, it is not completely untraceable. Today, Uncle Jiu came to explore the "trace" of sudden death.

During strenuous exercise, the myocardial oxygen demand increases, which will aggravate the heart load. If the cardiovascular function is inherently impaired, it is easy to cause oxygen imbalance, myocardial necrosis, and eventually lead to sudden cardiac death.

In addition, long-term or strenuous exercise may also lead to a lot of sweating, which in turn leads to electrolyte imbalance, especially the loss of potassium and sodium ions, resulting in hypokalemia.

Once patients with myocardial infarction are complicated with hypokalemia, it is easy to cause malignant arrhythmia, such as ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation, which leads to a sharp drop in blood supply and even cardiac arrest. Sudden cardiac death is easy to occur if the rescue is not timely.

Clinical data show that hypokalemia is the most common cause of sudden death in badminton or marathon.

A study of 5,516 cases of sudden death in chinese journal of critical care medicine in 2020 found that sudden cardiac death was the primary cause of sudden death, accounting for 57.76%.

The second place is emotional excitement, accounting for 25.66%.

When angry, the blood flow of the heart doubles than usual, the contractility of the heart is strengthened, the heartbeat is accelerated, and a large amount of blood rushes to the heart, which is easy to induce angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and then lead to sudden death.

Modern people have a fast pace of work, great pressure in life, and often stay up late to be a demon, which is easy to make their bodies overworked.

At this time, the body will continue to be tense, the nervous system is also highly tense, and the sympathetic nerve has been stimulated, thus raising blood pressure and increasing the burden on the heart.

Overwork can also lead to an increase in heart rate and increase the oxygen consumption of the heart, which may lead to acute myocardial infarction in severe cases and then sudden cardiac death.

Sudden cardiac death is closely related to heart problems, so people with cardiovascular diseases are more likely to be targeted.

If suffering from coronary heart disease, it will cause myocardial infarction, leading to myocardial necrosis and cardiac dysfunction;

Cardiomyopathy makes the structure and function of myocardium abnormal, which increases the risk of arrhythmia and sudden cardiac arrest.

Severe arrhythmia, such as ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia, can make the heart lose its effective pumping function, lead to insufficient blood supply and eventually lead to sudden death.

Conditions such as congenital heart disease and myocarditis can also lead to similar heart events.

Therefore, people with basic diseases should especially take care of their hearts.

For young people, the main causes of exercise-induced sudden death are coronary heart disease and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. In addition, excessive tension, excitement, fatigue and other factors will also increase the risk of sudden cardiac death in young people.

Middle-aged people, especially those aged between 30 and 63, are often at high risk of sudden cardiac death. Because of the pressure of work and life, staying up late and working overtime, irregular diet and other factors, they are more prone to coronary heart disease.

Older people are more susceptible to myocarditis, heart failure and other diseases, which will lead to the gradual decline of heart function, thus increasing the risk of sudden cardiac death.

Although sudden death is urgent and heavy, it often sends us a distress signal before it happens, which must not be ignored.

If you have severe, tight and crushing pain in your chest, you need to be vigilant when you feel like your chest has been squeezed repeatedly and you feel suffocated.

Chest pain is also a typical manifestation of coronary heart disease, which generally occurs behind the sternum. More attention should be paid to this situation.

Our emotions will also protect our bodies. If there is a sense of panic at this time, don’t ignore the "alarm" of your body. No matter what you are doing, stop and observe immediately.

In addition to chest pain, in the absence of injury or illness, shoulders, chin, throat, teeth appear pain, and sometimes feel depressed, this situation should also be vigilant.

If a patient with hypertension suddenly has severe headache or even vomiting, it is necessary to highly doubt whether a cerebrovascular accident has occurred, and beware of sudden death.

In addition to pain, if there are obvious cyanosis, purple lips and decreased blood oxygen, it is highly doubtful whether there is pulmonary embolism.

Acute pulmonary embolism, if not handled properly in time, will easily lead to pulmonary infarction, blood circulation disorder and sudden death.

On the premise of no lack of sleep, strenuous exercise or illness, there is an unrelenting sense of fatigue for days, weeks or even months.

And accompanied by insomnia, anxiety, waking up at night and other symptoms, it is necessary to consider whether there is a heart problem.

Before sudden cardiac death, many patients will have a lot of cold sweat, which is one of the typical manifestations of myocardial infarction.

If you don’t have a history of heart disease, but suddenly you have sweating, palpitation, chest pain and other symptoms, you must not be careless, and you must see a doctor in time.

First of all, take responsibility for your health.

Maintain healthy living habits, feel your physical condition with your heart, and be alert to every alarm signal.

When you feel chest tightness, chest pain, dizziness and unknown pain, it is the body that reminds you that it is time to rest. Don’t sacrifice your life in pursuit of temporary efficiency.

Sedentary people should also pay attention to standing up and walking every hour or two, which can effectively promote blood flow in the legs and avoid pulmonary embolism.

Second, pay attention to your emotions.

If you know that you are angry, angry, grumpy and emotional, you should control it properly and find the right way to relieve your emotions.

Take things slowly, sometimes it will be faster.

If you find that you have signs of sudden death, don’t panic, rest quietly first, lie down when you are comfortable, and sit when you are comfortable, but don’t move unless necessary.

If there is oxygen inhalation equipment nearby, you should take oxygen as soon as possible with the help of your family or people around you.

At the same time, take the first-aid medicine that you carry with you immediately, such as chewing nitroglycerin and putting it under your tongue.

Patients with angina pectoris can usually relieve their pain in about two minutes. If the effect is not good, they can take a piece of nitroglycerin under their tongue 10 minutes later and call 120 emergency number quickly.

Finally, if you have spare capacity, you may be able to do your part by learning some first-aid skills when people around you suddenly fall to the ground and have signs of sudden death.

A report published in Military Medical Research shows that after cardiac arrest, the recovery rate of heartbeat can reach 41.7% if the rescue time is within 0~5 minutes; However, if the rescue time is within 5~10 minutes, the recovery rate of heartbeat is only 14.3%.

Therefore, in the first aid of sudden death, there has always been a saying of "golden four minutes". If we can grasp these few minutes, it is likely to save a life.

First aid can be done according to the following methods:

First of all, don’t carry or shake the patient, let him lie on his back on the ground, then pat the patient on the shoulder and call ta loudly.

Then observe the patient’s breathing: whether there is wheezing or abnormal breathing in the chest or abdomen (no more than ten seconds).

At the same time, touch the carotid artery for pulsation (non-medical personnel do not need to judge). At the same time, call for help loudly, and designate the personnel present to dial 120 emergency number. When there are no personnel present, call them quickly and keep effective communication with the medical staff in the emergency center.

If the patient is unconscious and his breathing and pulse disappear, chest compressions and artificial respiration should be performed immediately.

Pressing method: straighten your arms, one palm is close to the patient’s chest wall, the other palm is placed on the back of this hand, your fingers are crossed and held up, and the roots of your palms are forced.

Pressing position: the midpoint of the connecting line between the two nipples.

The compression amplitude and frequency are: the sternum sinks 5 ~ 6 cm (adult), and the chest fully rebounds after each compression, and the hands do not leave the chest wall, and the frequency is 100 ~ 120 times/minute.

按压时间与放松时间各占一半，放松时掌根部不要离开胸壁，以免按压点移位。

必要时进行人工呼吸：清理气道异物，仰头提颏法开放气道，一手捏鼻，嘴巴张大包紧患者嘴唇进行缓慢持续1秒钟吹气，吹气时余光观察患者胸廓是否微微起伏，放松捏鼻再次进行吹气。

按压和通气比例为30∶2，按压30次，人工呼吸2次，按压和人工呼吸5个循环后重新评估患者的意识、呼吸和脉搏。

*注意在开放气道的同时应用手指挖出病人口中异物或呕吐物，如有假牙者应取出假牙。

最后，如果旁边有自动体外除颤器（AED）就最好了。

设计AED的初衷就是让任何一个人都能毫无门槛地操作。因为情况紧迫，没有给人看说明书的时间，所以打开电源开关后，AED都是有语音提示的。

最后的最后，虽然九叔写文辛苦，但真心希望大家在生活中不会遇到上面的情况。

参考资料：

[1]赵智梅，陈晓松，杨仪君，杜鹏举，周攀豪. 我国5516例尸解猝死病例流行特征分析[J]. 中国急救医学, 2020, 40(2): 158-16

[2]王乾,赵丽. 心脏性猝死的研究进展[J]. 中华急诊医学杂志,2021,30(11)：1407-1409.

[3] Health first aid science teaches you to learn to use the life-saving artifact AED. Xinhuanet.2023-04-20.

[4]Gu XM, Yao SB, He ZJ, et al. Meta-analysis of the success rate of heartbeat recovery in patients with prehospital cardiac arrest in the past 40 years in China.Mil Med Res. 2020; 7(1):34.

[5] All sudden deaths are planned for a long time! We must pay attention to the six signals sent by the body. Wuxi CDC .2022-08-02.

[6] Guo Yu teenager Zhang Zhijie passed away after fainting. Emergency expert: Three life-saving links were missed at the scene. Upstream news .2024-07-01.

[7] After dissecting more than 5,000 cases of sudden death, doctors found that people who died suddenly had these rules! . Health Times. 2020-08-06.

[8] How to give first aid to patients with sudden cardiac death? Keep these four steps in mind. Healthy China. 2023-10-09.

Original title: "Dissecting 5516 cases of sudden death, discovering the law of sudden death: people who are prone to sudden death have four things in common"

Read the original text

On [car home Chengdu Preferential Promotion Channel], we are pleased to announce that preferential activities are under way! As a highly regarded model, the price reduction of BMW i5 is very attractive. At present, the BMW i5 model in Chengdu enjoys a maximum discount of 65,000, and the starting price is only 374,900. If you are interested in this model, now is a good time to buy a car. Please click "Check the car price" in the quotation form, strive for higher discount and seize this rare opportunity!

The BMW i5 is a car with a luxurious appearance. Its front face design is very unique, and it adopts the BMW family-style kidney-shaped air intake grille, showing a strong sporty atmosphere. The body lines are smooth and the overall style is fashionable. The exterior design of BMW i5 is full of strength and dynamic feeling, showing BMW’s consistent sports style. At the same time, it also incorporates modern technology elements, such as LED headlights and intelligent induction systems, making the driving experience more intelligent and comfortable. Generally speaking, the design of BMW i5 is full of sense of science and technology without losing the sense of movement. It is a very attractive luxury car.

BMW i5 is a medium-sized and large-sized vehicle with a body size of 5175*1900*1520 and a wheelbase of 3105mm, with a front tread of 1621mm and a rear tread of 1658 mm.. The body lines are smooth, and the whole body presents a dynamic and steady style. Tyre size is 245/45 R19, the former tyre size is the same as the latter tyre size, and the rim is designed in multiple frames, which is fashionable and atmospheric. The side lines of the car are simple and smooth, and the roof lines are tilted backwards, which highlights the sense of movement of the whole car. At the same time, the side of the car body is also equipped with multiple aerodynamic designs, which improves the driving stability of the vehicle. Generally speaking, the side design of BMW i5 is both aesthetic and practical, providing passengers with a comfortable ride experience and satisfying the driver’s pursuit of driving pleasure.

The interior design of BMW i5 is full of sense of technology and luxury. The car is equipped with a 14.9-inch central control screen, which supports the voice recognition control of multimedia system, navigation, telephone and air conditioning. The steering wheel is made of leather material, and its position can be adjusted up and down and back and forth electrically. The front row and the back row are equipped with two Type-C interfaces and two USB interfaces, and there is also a wireless charging function of the mobile phone. The seat is made of imitation leather, and the front and rear adjustment, backrest adjustment, height adjustment and lumbar support adjustment can be carried out for the main and co-pilot seats. The driver’s seat is also equipped with electric seat memory function. Generally speaking, the interior configuration of BMW i5 is very rich, which provides a comfortable and convenient experience for drivers and passengers.

BMW i5 is an electric vehicle with excellent performance, with a maximum power of 210 kW and a maximum torque of 410 N m.. This model is equipped with an advanced electric power system, which provides a strong power output and allows drivers to enjoy a smooth driving experience. Its efficient electric drive system can not only provide excellent acceleration performance, but also ensure a long cruising range. The excellent performance of BMW i5 is not only impressive, but also one of the models of electric vehicles.

In the evaluation of the owner of car home, he mentioned the exterior design of the BMW i5, saying that he likes the heavy feeling and sporty feeling of the front of the car very much. The exterior design of BMW i5 has always attracted much attention. It adopts a highly recognizable family-style design, and the front of the car is full and powerful, making people recognize its brand identity at a glance. At the same time, it also incorporates the latest design elements to make the whole model look more fashionable and dynamic. Therefore, car home car owner @ Xi ‘an Cheyou 5718’ s evaluation of the appearance of BMW i5 is very pertinent. In addition, BMW i5 also has rich configuration and excellent driving performance, which makes car owners love it. I believe that in the future, BMW i5 will continue to maintain its excellent performance and bring better driving experience to car owners.

　　Although the birthplace of gunpowder, one of China’s four great inventions, is still a mystery, there is no doubt that Laojunshan area in Jiangyou is a veritable "hometown of gunpowder" as the largest industrial site of gunpowder discovered in China at present. A few days ago, the reporter learned from Laojun Mountain Scenic Area in Jiangyou City that the first gunpowder industry museum in China will be opened in October this year in Laojun Mountain in Zhonghua Town, and the history of the ancients collecting and smelting nitrate will be restored in the museum, and the gunpowder museum will also witness the eternal mystery of China’s gunpowder production. It is reported that the Laojunshan Ancient Glauber Site is actively making a lot of preliminary preparations for declaring the world cultural heritage.

　　find

　　More than 20 rich cultural relics in the ancient Xiaodong site

　　In December 2003, some cultural relics experts who planned tourism development for the local area first discovered many caves densely covered on the cliffs of Laojun Mountain, and since then, the ancient cave site of Laojun Mountain has attracted attention. Laojunshan Ancient Nitrate Cave Site is located in six towns and villages in jiangyou city, including Zhong Hua, Xinchun, Yongsheng and Wensheng, with a length of 21 kilometers. More than 20 ancient nitrate caves have been found, and Zhonghua Town is located between Sichuan and Gansu ancient roads, which is said to be the intersection of ancient important Yinping Road and Jinniu Road.

　　Professor Xu Xiangdong, a Beijing cultural relic expert (founder of National Cultural Heritage Administration Museum of Ancient Architecture), took the lead in exploring the ancient nitrate site in Laojun Mountain. According to him, Laojun Mountain is in a dangerous terrain. The local people call it "the nitrate cave" not only the Chaoyang cave, the largest nitrate cave in China, but also the Tianyu cave, the official cave, the rhinoceros cave, the goblin cave, the white cave, the dry cave, the horn cave, the Jiuxian cave and the Yanzi cave, which are several hundred meters deep. Xu Xiangdong and other experts felt "shocked" after entering the Nitrate Cave for inspection. They gave a high evaluation: "Its early time, large scale and high output rank first in the ancient gunpowder raw material sites discovered so far." On-the-spot investigation found that Laojunshan area is also an area rich in gunpowder-related cultural relics, and pottery fragments of Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties were found in Chaoyang Cave, most of which were living utensils. Smoke and dust accumulated due to salting and lighting, the thickest part is 13.5 cm. Chaoyang cave is about 7.5 kilometers long, and there are stoves, nitrate pools and scraps everywhere. In the adjacent Yanzi Cave and Gaoguan Cave, such relics can also be seen everywhere. Therefore, it is more appropriate to build a gunpowder museum on Laojun Mountain.

　　conceive

　　Visitors can personally experience the process of making nitrate.

　　Rows of neat cooktops, nitrate pits and pools of different sizes … Visitors can even touch the labor tools and daily necessities used by the ancients themselves, and imagine the scene of the ancients cooking nitrate with wooden sticks at the hearth … The reporter saw the scene of the future gunpowder industry museum through three-dimensional animation in the office of Laojunshan Scenic Area. According to the preliminary plan, on the basis of Laojun Mountain Scenic Area, the museum complex will use special stone to imitate the working site of the ancient people making nitrate at that time along the path of climbing the nitrate cave, and the whole planned area will reach 3000 square meters. The gate of the Gunpowder Museum will be designed to look like a cave mouth, and the exhibition directors, widths and heights in the museum will also be simulated with reference to the real cave. The tunnels and working tables will try their best to be original, and relevant knowledge will be hung on the two walls of the tunnels. Stark Chan, general manager of Laojunshan Scenic Area, said: "This will enable tourists to experience industrial activities such as boiling and making nitrate in the nitrate field, and at the same time have a systematic understanding of the development of China’s gunpowder industry."

　　probe the secrets

　　How to smelt nitrate in the nitrate cave?

　　How is the nitrate in the cave formed? How did the ancients find nitrate caves in such dangerous mountains? And collect nitrate in the harsh natural environment of ancient times for the production of gunpowder? The reporter decided to go to the Xiaodong site with the staff of the scenic spot to find out.

　　Because the cave is almost opaque, the staff in the scenic spot have prepared torches in advance. The torches are made of local materials and diesel oil in bamboo tubes. Our destination is Tianyu Cave on Laojun Mountain in Zhong Hua. Along the rugged mountain road, under the leadership of Lao Zeng, a scenic spot worker, we quickly climbed Tianyu Cave. At the mouth of the cave, the reporter felt the temperature plummet. On the stone wall of the cave, Lao Zeng gently dug some white powder with his forefinger. He said, "This is nitrate. From the geological point of view, it is inferred that caves such as rain and rain are naturally formed, and nitrate is’ hidden’ in the soil layer, which was discovered by the ancients and mined. The mined nitrate soil must be soaked in water first, so there are nitrate pools. After the nitrate soil soaked to a certain degree is taken out of the nitrate pool, it is boiled in the boiler on the stove, and the boiled nitrate is crystal. "

　　Under the guidance of Lao Zeng, through the dim light of the torch, the reporter saw several stoves and nitrate pools in several corners of the cave, and obvious traces of smoking could be seen. The diameter of the stove is between 60 cm and 150 cm. Locals say that the hole is about 100 meters long and five or six meters wide. According to this estimate, Tianyu Cave can accommodate dozens or even hundreds of people working at the same time. Go to the end of the cave, you can hear the sound of rushing water. At the top of the cave tens of meters high, clear springs pour down, and there are ditches in the cave. It seems that people already knew how to draw water. All indications show that this place is a production base of advanced technology.

　　Coming out of the cave, Lao Zeng told the reporter: "This cave is not large in scale compared with the other 20 nitrate caves on Laojun Mountain, but the nitrate residue and scraps left by the ancients in the nitrate cave are piled up like mountains, and the traces of artificial mining are clearly visible. Regrettably, the age of Tianyu Cave and other nitrate caves on Laojun Mountain cannot be accurately demonstrated, but according to the rough judgment of the physical objects in the caves, it is certain that these nitrate caves and crafts were left over from the Qing Dynasty at the latest. "

　　prospect

　　The ancient mirabilite site is actively preparing for the application for World Heritage.

　　In May 2006, Laojunshan Ancient Glauber Site was approved by the State Council as the sixth batch of national key cultural relics protection units, and now Laojunshan Ancient Glauber Site has launched a sprint to the world cultural heritage. In order to declare the site of ancient glauber’s salt in Laojun Mountain as a world cultural heritage, in September 2006, Jiangyou Municipal Party Committee and Municipal Government also invited international experts on ancient sites and cultural relics to inspect Laojun Mountain. Experts agree that Laojunshan Ancient Glauber Site is an ancient industrial civilization, which has a certain foundation for applying for the World Heritage because it is related to China’s "Four Great Inventions".

　　Sharla Cheung, director of the jiangyou city Cultural Management Institute, said that there are some problems to be verified in the Laojunshan Ancient Nitrate Site itself, such as the historical dating of the ancient Nitrate Cave and the excavation management of the Nitrate Cave. At present, jiangyou city is doing a lot of argumentation work on these problems, and will conduct in-depth archaeological excavation when conditions are ripe, and strive to make all preparations for the application for the World Heritage. (Reporter Liu Wenting Photography Li Yang)

Editor: Jufu

　　As the only luxury SUV in the world that specializes in producing top-class all-terrain vehicles, it actively advocates a noble, luxurious and romantic modern lifestyle and is recognized by people with its exquisite design and excellent technology. When designing a new car, Land Rover’s executive designer pays special attention to its visual effects in various environments around the world and does not conflict with the environment. The elegant appearance design of Land Rover Range Rover Executive Edition is the same strain and brand-new interpretation of the classic design style. Manager Zhang 17695561666 WeChat with the same number

　　The panoramic sunroof of the 2022 Land Rover Range Rover Executive also gives consumers a more free driving experience. Land Rover Range Rover Executive Edition introduced the "dual-screen" touch screen technology for the first time. While passengers watch DVD movies, drivers can watch navigation instructions, all on the same screen. The steering wheel is relatively light, which makes driving easier, even if it is in the same direction. The new Range Rover Executive 3.0T matches a new generation of all-terrain off-road four-wheel drive system, and with the cooperation of the transfer box, the off-road performance is more powerful.

　　The 2022 Land Rover Range Rover Executive Center Console is equipped with high-grade wood, satellite navigation system, two DVD super-large display screens, and shortcut buttons are distributed on the steering wheel. Compared with the old model, the buttons on the steering wheel have also been changed into the form of touch, which makes the driver more comfortable to control and full of scientific and technological sense. The Land Rover Range Rover Executive Center Console is wider and more exquisite, with half of the buttons missing, and most basic control functions are close at hand. The surface decorated with exquisite genuine leather and selected solid wood is clean and elegant, giving off a sense of tranquility.

　　The interior space of 2022 Range Rover Executive HSE is very large, which forms a good unity with its huge appearance. The front seats are not only very wrapped, but also have a very good view. Leather seat with double stitching design, you will feel quite solid after sitting on it, and with enough space, the ride comfort is quite high.

　　The 2022 Range Rover Executive Edition not only has a more handsome appearance, but also has a significant improvement in the interior, which perfectly combines the sense of technology and luxury. The design of three LCD screens around the driver has greatly improved the sense of interior technology. It can be said that this set of interior design is much better than it has not changed for many years. The shape of the center console has also changed. It looks wider and more exquisite, and the layout of the function buttons on it is more reasonable.

　　Metallic paint, LED daytime running lights, 21-inch Y-shaped Dover wheel hub, smart card, easy access, multiple waist adjustments for the main and auxiliary driver’s seats, electric folding rearview mirror, refrigerator, panoramic sunroof, touch-sensitive reading light, front seat heating, reversing image, foot-sensing electric tailgate, trunk chassis lifting button, wheel hub lock, full-size spare tire, and full-vehicle atmosphere light.

　　2022 version of Land Rover Range Rover Executive 3.0T diesel fuel HSE parameter configuration: engine: 3.0T 258 HP V6, gearbox: 8-speed automatic manual transmission, displacement (L): 3.0, length * width * height (mm): 5000 * 2073 * 1880, body structure: 5-door 5-seat SUV, maximum speed (km/h). Wheelbase (mm): 2922, minimum ground clearance (mm): 220, curb weight (kg): 2249, maximum load weight (kg): 851, maximum trailer weight (kg): 3500,

　　Body material: aluminum, fuel tank volume (L): 86, luggage compartment volume (L): 639, maximum luggage compartment volume (L): 1943, intake mode: turbocharging, cylinder arrangement: V, number of cylinders (units): 6, number of valves per cylinder (units): 4, maximum horsepower (PS) Maximum torque speed (rpm): 2250, gearbox type: automatic manual transmission (AT), driving mode: front four-wheel drive, four-wheel drive form: full-time four-wheel drive, and body structure: load-bearing type.

　　Company name: Tianjin Bangyu International Trading Co., Ltd.

　　Tel: 17695561666 Manager Zhang (WeChat with the same number)

　　Address: No.288 Jingmen Avenue, Bonded Zone, Binhai New Area, Tianjin

　　Disclaimer: The above car purchase preferential information is provided by the comprehensive dealers of this website, and the price fluctuates greatly due to market factors, which is only for car purchase reference; The distributor is responsible for its authenticity, accuracy and legality, and this website does not provide any guarantee or assume any legal responsibility.

IT Home reported on April 24 that during the Lantu Automotive Spring Technical Communication Conference held today, Huawei Smart Car Solutions BU CEO Jin Yuzhi announced the details of the cooperation between the two parties.

Jin Yuzhi said that the model of cooperation between Lantu and Huawei will be equipped with Huawei’s latest ADS 3.0 system and Hongmeng intelligent cockpit. The first model equipped with this solution will be Lantu Dreamer (IT Home Note: MPV models already listed, see the picture below), which will be released in the first half of next year.

Lantu also announced that it will launch a new pure electric SUV model this year. It is reported that the two sides signed a strategic cooperation agreement in January this year, and Lantu’s subsequent models will use more Huawei intelligent related technologies.

Earlier today, Huawei released its new brand "DANGZHOU". Huawei’s DANGZHOU smart car solutions cover chips, hardware, software, and cloud, and released ten new products, including DANGZHOU smart driving, DANGZHOU car cloud, DANGZHOU car control, and Hongmeng cockpit.

Among them, Dry Smart Driving ADS 3.0 adopts a new architecture of 3.0 and is equipped with an omnidirectional anti-collision system CAS 3.0; it supports parking spaces to parking spaces, and parking and driving all scenarios for commercial use.

Huawei said this morning that Huawei has launched the first year of smart driving commercial scale, and new cars such as Dongfeng, Changan, GAC, BAIC, Sailis, Chery, and Jianghuai will be equipped with smart car solutions. Huawei also stressed again that it does not build cars, with the goal of helping car companies build good cars.

In March this year, the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council said that the development of state-owned automobile enterprises in new energy vehicles was not fast enough, and conducted a separate assessment of the new energy automobile business of three central automobile enterprises. These enterprises are the central automobile enterprises directly supervised by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, including FAW Group, Dongfeng Group, and Changan Group. Lu Fang, CEO of Lantu, said that the "separate assessment" policy is a very big encouragement for the company, and the strategic determination and development confidence are more firm. It is also conducive to the company to let go of its hands and feet, work quickly, stimulate innovation vitality, meet user requests, and increase market share.

　　From the breakthrough of "Galaxy" in achieving "zero" of our country’s supercomputer, to the "Tianhe" supercomputer ranking first in the world for many times, over the past 40 years, the scientific researchers of the National University of Defense Technology have fully carried forward the "Galaxy Spirit" and written one glory after another on the road of China’s scientific and technological development –

　　"Galaxy" and "Tianhe": Let the five-star red flag be planted on the top of the world’s supercomputing

Tianhe-2 supercomputer room. (file photo) He Shuyuan, photo

　　In the midsummer of August, at the National Supercomputing Center in Changsha on the banks of the Xiangjiang River, the "Tianhe" series of supercomputers developed by the National University of Defense Technology were in full swing. The peak computing power of 2 quadrillion times per second is equivalent to 50,000 personal computers computing at the same time, providing strong support for the development of scientific research, information services, equipment manufacturing and other fields, and producing important application benefits.

　　Supercomputers are an important symbol of a country’s scientific and technological level and strategic capabilities. From the "Milky Way" to achieve the "zero" breakthrough of our country’s supercomputers, to the "Tianhe" supercomputer that has repeatedly won the top of the world’s supercomputers, over the past 41 years, the scientific researchers of the National Defense University of Science and Technology have held the motherland in mind, are not afraid of difficulties, innovate independently, and scale peaks bravely. They have written one glory after another on the road of China’s scientific and technological development.

　　"Galaxy" was born: China’s giant computer development achieved a breakthrough of "zero"

　　Today’s brilliance stems from yesterday’s humiliation.

　　In the 1970s, high-performance computing became a strategic high technology to promote technological innovation and economic and social development. However, without its own supercomputer, China’s economic and social development is often controlled by others. Explored mineral deposits and oil data have to be sent abroad for processing, which is not only expensive, but also the data must first be mastered by foreign experts.

　　"If China wants to carry out the four modernizations, it cannot do without a supercomputer!" In 1978, at an important meeting held by the Central Committee, Comrade Deng Xiaoping spoke eloquently. It was at this meeting that our country decided to develop a supercomputer independently to solve the problem of large-scale scientific calculation in the modernization drive. Comrade Deng Xiaoping solemnly entrusted this important task to the National Defense Science and Technology University.

　　At that time, although the National Defense University of Science and Technology was the first unit to develop computers in China, the previously developed "151" computer had a computing speed of only 1 million times per second. Now, to develop a machine with 100 million operations per second means that the computing speed should be increased by 100 times, and the technical difficulty can be imagined.

　　"Win glory for the Chinese nation!" Faced with unprecedented difficulties, the researchers held back their energy: they would risk their lives to come up with a giant machine to prevent foreigners from getting stuck in our necks.

　　"It was really a period of patience but passion." Li Sikun, a 78-year-old professor at the School of Computer Science at the National Defense University of Science and Technology, recalled the scene with emotion. After the development work began, various complex technical problems emerged. What kind of technical route to take? What kind of architecture to adopt? How to achieve a computing speed of 100 million operations per second… The problems are like "roadblocks". Scientists rose to the challenge, using the laboratory as a battlefield, and waging this battle without gunpowder smoke day and night.

　　At the beginning of reform and opening up, our country’s industrial base is weak, the processing equipment is simple, and the components are backward.

　　Li Sikun recalled that, for example, the circuit design of computer hardware was purely depicted on paper one by one, and if it was wrong, it had to be done again. For a small-scale integrated circuit design, it took half a month to draw.

　　In order to catch up, everyone ate in the factory, slept in the computer room, and worked until at least 12 o’clock at night. At that time, overtime pay was 20 cents a night, but no one was willing to take it. Everyone’s heart was to save every penny and build a Chinese giant machine as soon as possible.

　　Heaven rewards hard work! After five years of hard work day and night, the researchers represented by Professor Ciyungui have overcome one by one theoretical, technical and technological difficulties, and creatively proposed the "bidirectional array" structure, which greatly improved the computing speed of the machine. The development task was completed one year ahead of schedule, and the funding was only one-fifth of the original plan.

　　On November 26, 1983, our country’s first supercomputer with 100 million operations per second successfully passed the national technical appraisal, marking that China had achieved a "zero" breakthrough in the field of supercomputer development and became a country that could independently design and manufacture supercomputers after the United States and Japan.

　　General Zhang Aiping, then the director of the National Defense Science and Technology Commission, wrote a poem about the supercomputer, naming it "Milky Way" and writing a poem: "Hundreds of millions of stars are in the Milky Way, and it is difficult for the world to know how many there are. The ingenious arrangement is clever, laughing at the stars and singing."

　　Since then, they have relied on independent innovation to successively develop a series of giant computers such as "Galaxy-II" and "Galaxy-III", which have gradually pushed our country’s high-performance computing technology to the international forefront, and gradually solved a series of urgent problems in economic and social development.

　　In June 1997, when the "Galaxy-III" with a computing speed of 13 billion times per second was successfully developed, the National Weather Service used it as a medium and long-term numerical prediction system, and the weather forecast was advanced from two or three days in advance to about seven days in advance.

　　"Tianhe" comes out: China’s supercomputer development level ranks among the top in the world

　　After entering the new century, our country’s various undertakings have entered a period of rapid development, and there is a more urgent demand for the computing speed and capacity of high-performance computing machines. However, compared with developed countries, our country is not only an order of magnitude different in computing power, but also far from the number of installed machines.

　　The National Defense Science and Technology University was once again tasked with shouldering the heavy responsibility and sounded the charge to climb the world’s scientific and technological peak – to develop our country’s petaflop supercomputer system as soon as possible.

　　The development of the world’s supercomputers shows that every order of magnitude increase in computing power requires architectural innovation and a series of new breakthroughs in key technologies. At that time, although the National Defense University of Science and Technology had relatively strong technical accumulation and rich experience in engineering practice, it was equally difficult to achieve a technological leap from 100 trillion to quadrillion.

　　Faced with various technical problems and severe challenges, researchers work together, innovate independently, and strive to overcome core and key technologies to promote the development of high-performance computing in our country.

　　The reason why the "Tianhe" supercomputer has the fastest computing performance in the world lies in its original CPU + GPU heterogeneous architecture. However, this new heterogeneous system encountered a series of major technical bottlenecks during the creation process.

　　Professor Yang Canqun, deputy chief designer of the "Tianhe" supercomputer, recalled that the GPU is characterized by graphics and video processing. To combine it with a CPU that is good at computing, it is not only difficult to program, but also very inefficient. The internationally recognized computing efficiency is only 20%.

　　The key to innovation lies in how to turn "impossible" into "possible" and find a way where there is no way.

　　"When I get up in the morning, I start working, and when I go to bed at night, I close my eyes, and the data on the screen is still scrolling in my mind." Yang Canqun and the members of the research team began a four-month research project. After 80,000 many experiments and performance optimization, they finally found a breakthrough, making the computing efficiency of the GPU reach 70%, creating a world miracle.

　　In order for a supercomputer system to achieve quadrillions of operations per second, it must also have a fast and smooth network system that allows all kinds of information to "run fast". They designed a new switch scheme for this purpose, but the American chipmakers refused to support it and demanded that it be designed according to the American scheme. But in this way, although success is certain, there is no innovation and advantage.

　　The research team of National Defense University of Science and Technology did not believe in evil. They insisted on following their own design route, exploring from scratch, and working hard to tackle key problems. In just 10 months, a new type of switch was developed, and the measured technical indicators greatly exceeded those of similar systems, while the cost was only 80% of that of similar products of the same scale.

　　With a series of key technological breakthroughs and engineering realization, on October 29, 2009, our country’s first petaflop supercomputer "Tianhe-1" was successfully developed, achieving our country’s independent research and development of supercomputer capabilities from 100 trillion times to 100 trillion times, becoming the second country in the world after the United States to be able to develop a petaflop supercomputer system.

　　Faced with the intense competition in the field of supercomputing, the researchers of National Defense University of Science and Technology did not revel in the joy of success, but quickly organized technological upgrades and comprehensive optimization, and embarked on the expansion of the second-phase system.

　　On November 17, 2010, the "Tianhe-1A" supercomputer topped the list of the 36th World’s Top 500 Supercomputers with excellent performance 4.70 quadrillion times at peak speed and 2.566 quadrillion floating-point operations per second.

　　The Chinese have planted the five-star red flag on the top of the supercomputing world for the first time, marking that China’s self-developed supercomputer comprehensive technology level has entered the world’s leading ranks.

　　On June 17, 2013, the "Tianhe-2" developed by them once again topped the global supercomputing 500 with a peak computing speed of 549 million billion times per second and a measured computing speed of 339 million billion times per second. Since then, "Tianhe-2" has ranked first in the world supercomputing list for six consecutive times.

　　In late July last year, the National Defense University of Science and Technology sent another piece of good news. The "E-class prototype system" led by the school completed the development and deployment and passed the acceptance, marking that our country launched a charge to the new generation of 10 billion billion billion times (E-class) supercomputers.

　　"Galactic Spirit": Forging the "Root" and "Soul" of China’s Scientific and Technological Glory

　　"Embrace the motherland, unite and cooperate, aim for the peak, and strive bravely." The 16 characters in the eye-catching position of the History Museum of the School of Computer Science and Technology of National Defense University of Science and Technology condense the arduous exploration of generations of "Milky Way People" at National Defense University of Science and Technology, and reveal the true meaning of success from "Milky Way" to "Tianhe". In their hearts, "Milky Way Spirit" is the spiritual highland they adhere to, and it is also their "root" and "soul".

　　For decades, the research team of National Defense University of Science and Technology has sacrificed the leisure of holidays, the warmth of family, postponed the wedding date, delayed medical treatment, and gave up going abroad for further study. Many people have dedicated their youth and even their lives to the supercomputer development of the motherland without any regrets.

　　Tianhe-1 has a deputy chief designer who suffers from diabetes and other diseases. During the installation and commissioning of the second phase of the "Tianhe-1" system, he stayed in the computer room for half a year. His illness continued to worsen due to irregular life and diet, but he insisted on not leaving his post. It was not until news came from the United States that Tianhe-1 had topped the world supercomputer rankings for the first time that he walked out of the computer room and was admitted to the hospital.

　　Yu Wulong, a young lecturer, didn’t sleep for five days and five nights in order to design a high-level computer control system. On the sixth night, his wife, who woke up from her dream, found him still working at his desk like a demon. She grabbed the drawings on the desk and said, "If you keep fighting like this, I will cut these drawings into pieces!" The next morning, Yu Wulong went to Huangshan on a business trip again. No one expected that he fell ill at the foot of Huangshan and never came back.

　　There are also 43-year-old Jian Xianfu, 40-year-old Zhang Shusheng, 41-year-old Wang Yumin… At the National Defense University of Science and Technology, there are more than 20 scientific researchers who have sacrificed their young lives for the cause of the "Galaxy" series of supercomputers. They measure their lives with their careers and turn them into cornerstones to support the dream of China’s technological take-off.

　　Difficulties and hardships, Yu Ru Yu Cheng!

　　The laying of communication optical fiber is the first phase of the second phase of the "Tianhe No. 1" system to be stationed in the National Supercomputing Center in Tianjin, and the time is urgent and the task is arduous. In midsummer, due to the temperature of the trench reaching more than 40 degrees Celsius, the surface of the cement is too rough, and the insulating rubber of the newly laid optical fiber has been worn out with cracks, and the wire cores are exposed in some places. If this problem is not solved, the signal will be interrupted, the communication will be short-circuited, and the system will be disrupted.

　　Faced with this situation, the commander took off his clothes, jumped into the hot trench, and lay prone on the rough concrete floor. Everyone followed suit, and soon a "human flesh carpet" was laid, and optical fibers extended smoothly along the bodies of the officers and soldiers.

　　Dozens of people lay naked in the trench for dozens of days, scraped all over by the hard cement and optical fibers, leaving 15,000 optical fibers unscathed. On the day of the system test, the moment the machine was turned on, all the communication lines were unimpeded…

　　"It is this’Milky Way ‘spirit formed in overcoming obstacles and overcoming difficulties that has written the brilliant road of independent innovation with Chinese characteristics," Hu Qingfeng, a professor at the Computer Research Institute of National Defense University of Science and Technology in his 60s, told reporters with relief.

　　link

　　At present, the Tianhe supercomputer system is used in the National Supercomputing Center in Tianjin, the National Supercomputing Center in Guangzhou, and the National Supercomputing Center in Changsha.

　　Among them, the Changsha Center is the only national-level supercomputing center in the central and western regions of our country, with the "Tianhe-1" supercomputer and the "Tianhe Tianma" artificial intelligence computing cluster. "Tianhe-3" will also be settled in the center in 2020. Relying on the Tianhe supercomputer system, the center has formed an integrated innovation application service platform for industry-university-research that integrates "scientific and technological research and development, technological innovation, public services, and talent training": supporting national and Hunan scientific and technological innovation, providing a total of 1205 users with high-performance computing, big data, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence services, supporting 142 national scientific research projects, and more than 430 other provincial and ministerial scientific research projects and enterprise cooperation projects; innovating service models, establishing a number of supercomputing sub-centers, industry joint laboratories, industrial park supercomputing service stations, etc.; building enterprise big data, financial risk control, SME supercomputing community, simulation services, video merchandise and other innovative platforms to serve the development of the whole industry; keep an eye on international The national science and technology frontier will build a popular science base and a "supercomputing star" crowd-creation space to help scientific and technological innovation and talent training in Hunan and the central and western regions.

　　Witnesses say

　　Advanced layout, independent innovation

　　Dictator: Dong Dezun, Deputy Chief Designer of "Galaxy"/"Tianhe" New Generation High-performance Computing Interconnect System

　　I have been working in the Research Room 604 of the Institute of Computer Science, School of Computer Science, National University of Defense Technology since I graduated with a doctorate in 2010.

　　Laboratory 604 is a research collective with a long and glorious history and a glorious tradition. It has always been a key technical team in the development of the high-performance computing system of "Galaxy" and "Tianhe". I was fortunate to accompany the collective through the whole process of the development cycle of "Tianhe-2".

　　The "Milky Way" and "Tianhe" team has always kept up with the international forefront in the development of high-performance computing systems, planning ahead, and using technological progress to promote the development of applications. In fact, when "Tianhe-1" was ranked first in the world supercomputing at the end of 2010, the "Tianhe" general division team had already started planning the work of "Tianhe-2".

　　In the early days of the "Tianhe-2" project, I participated in the project demonstration work. At the same time, as a researcher of the high-speed interconnection system, I experienced countless project discussions, centralized closed development, and system-wide debugging of the interconnection subsystem. Especially in the first half of 2013, in order to catch up with the progress, we worked 24-hour shifts for system-wide debugging, and everyone often slept on the floor in the computer room and debugging room at night. At that time, it was May and June, and Changsha had already begun to heat up. Due to the focus of the power supply system of the National Defense University of Science and Technology, the air conditioning of the whole school’s offices was stopped, but the debugging room we were in was extremely cool, which could be regarded as a "benefit" brought by the adjustment.

　　In the process of participating in the demonstration and development of the "Tianhe" interconnection system, I realized that the "Tianhe" team attaches great importance to basic research and the spirit of independent innovation. The development of high-performance computing systems places special emphasis on the hardware and software collaborative design methodology, and the effectiveness of the collaborative design methodology depends on the continuous performance evaluation ability of changes in hardware-software applications. In the later stage of the "Tianhe-1" project, our interconnection team began to lay out and develop independent collaborative design tools for the "Tianhe" system.

　　So far, after more than 8 years of continuous independent development, we have broken through key technologies such as application-driven large-scale high-performance interconnection network performance evaluation, developed large-scale high-performance interconnection network simulation software that supports real application load, accurate network function model, and good scalability, filling the long-term gap in this field of the "Tianhe" team and even our country, and providing a powerful independent design tool for the "Tianhe" high-performance interconnection communication network to continue to maintain international leadership.

　　(Text/Shi Quanjiang, Liu Wentao, Han Xue)