A team of Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences released a message saying that artificial intelligence can greatly accelerate the process of new drug research and development — — This may mean that in the near future, not only manual workers are facing transformation, but also scientific research work may be changed by artificial intelligence.

　　Half-monthly interviews with reporters in Guangdong, Liaoning, Zhejiang and other places found that the progress of artificial intelligence replacing labor force is accelerating, and the depth and breadth of reshaping employment patterns are unprecedented. Employment in some fields may usher in a "turbulent period" and "adjustment period".

In the laboratory of Intelligent Bionics Research Center of Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ma Xunju, a research assistant, tested the walking of exoskeleton robot wearing lower limbs. Photo by Mao Siqian

　　Artificial intelligence landing contains a lot of employment opportunities.

　　Let’s review how a large number of employment opportunities were created in the era of mobile Internet.

　　The 2018 Meituan Rider Takeaway Employment Report released by Meituan shows that more than 2.7 million riders earned income on the platform in 2018, an increase of nearly 500,000 compared with 2017. Among them, 30% of riders earn more than 5,000 yuan a month, and 50% of riders are the main source of family income.

　　"In the past, delivery was only a full-time job for a few people. Now, the rise of the mobile Internet has made delivery a big employment. " Liu Peichao, founder of Shenzhen Yuejiang Technology, who is engaged in the research and development of intelligent robots, said.

　　The reporter found that many people in the industry like Liu Peichao take the development of mobile Internet as an example to analyze the impact of artificial intelligence on employment. The rich business model of mobile Internet contains a large number of employment opportunities, and all these are based on the increasingly mature mobile Internet technology and 4G communication technology, and the deep integration with the economy and society.

　　They believe that employment opportunities in the era of artificial intelligence are likely to have a similar development path with the era of mobile Internet. Therefore, how to further promote the landing of artificial intelligence technology and explore mature business models has become a key factor in creating more employment opportunities.

　　Just as the Android platform established by Google has greatly promoted the maturity of the mobile Internet business model and ecosystem, some head enterprises are also exploring the "Android" in the era of artificial intelligence.

　　Since 2018, BYD has not only cooperated with Baidu to develop smart cars, but also explored the open platform "D++" for smart cars. Developers can develop various applications suitable for smart cars on this platform, aiming at creating "Android" for smart cars.

　　According to the news released by BYD, the "D++" platform provides developers with open interfaces, vehicle data and control rights based on the intelligent architecture and safety policies of automobiles. Next, BYD will also open 66 control rights and 341 sensor parameters about cars to developers.

　　"Without an open platform, there would be no gathering of mobile App developers, and there would be no such huge mobile phone ecosystem. The same is true in the era of artificial intelligence. The construction of ecosystems contains huge business opportunities and employment opportunities. " Wang Chuanfu, chairman of BYD, said.

　　In fact, whether it is the landing of artificial intelligence technology or the construction of ecosystem, data is the core factor. However, at present, there are scattered data sources in both government departments and commercial enterprises, and a unified platform for storage, analysis and application has not yet been formed, which wastes data resources to some extent and limits the research and application of artificial intelligence in subdivision fields.

　　Iflytek believes that there may be three paths for artificial intelligence to accelerate its landing: one is to conduct brain science research by combining mathematical statistical modeling and deep learning methods; The second is to make the machine from supervised training to semi-supervised training and then to unsupervised training; The third is to explore the application mode architecture and scientific research methods of man-machine coupling.

The 2019 World Industrial Internet Industry Conference was held in Qingdao. Participants experienced the achievements of the industrial Internet industry in the exhibition area of the conference. Photo by Li Ziheng

　　The core skills of frontline workers need to be updated.

　　The reporter’s investigation found that in some smart factories, the core requirements for front-line employees have changed from operating machines to maintaining equipment. A number of business leaders told reporters that they now have lower requirements for workers’ operating skills, "just press a button", but their understanding of smart devices has increased a lot — — Maintenance, maintenance, simple maintenance, have a good concept of quality control, and be familiar with operating system and information system.

　　How to motivate workers who are used to simple operation to transform into "equipment experts"? Yu Jianjiang, general manager of Hangzhou Engine Co., Ltd. of China National Heavy Duty Truck Group, believes that in the past, most workers in the workshop were pieceworkers, and this management method guided employees to work more and get more money, and workers focused on output. After the realization of intelligence, the assessment management methods for workers should be adjusted accordingly. For example, workers are paid according to skill levels, and employees are given a 10-level promotion channel, so as to shift their attention to upgrading their skills and actively learn to maintain, repair and repair equipment.

　　At present, the company has set up a system of equipment application technicians and application engineers, who will be given corresponding salaries after reaching a certain skill level through examination. The annual salary of employees in the highest-level equipment application positions is more than 100,000 yuan.

　　Yu Jianjiang also said that the technology and level required by the current workers’ professional titles and professional skills levels have been out of touch with enterprises with intelligent transformation. It is suggested that government departments should also adjust their thinking and pay attention to the opinions of employers in the evaluation of professional titles and skill levels. "Whether the workers are useful or not, the level is high, and the enterprise has the most say."

　　Of course, it is more important for workers to have the determination and confidence to embrace the changes of the times, constantly improve their skills and adapt to the new employment environment.

　　He Penglin, from the rural area of Loudi, Hunan Province, came to Shenzhen in 1991 and worked as a worker in an auto repair shop. "The apprentices with me are all primary school students and junior high school students from rural areas. I graduated from high school with the highest level of education." He said.

　　With the rapid transfer of labor-intensive industries in the Pearl River Delta to the mainland, technology-intensive high value-added industries have quickly taken root in the local area. Worried about his own skill level has become the driving force for He Penglin to constantly update his knowledge.

　　For more than 20 years, he has studied automobile repair technology, developed a vehicle-mounted remote diagnosis system, which can diagnose automobile faults remotely, accumulate daily data of automobile users, and realize the transformation of repairmen into highly skilled talents. He also has 4 invention patents and 17 utility model patents. Under the trend of intelligence, He Penglin extended the technical route of products to the field of intelligent induction, and developed an auxiliary braking system for monitoring the blind area of large trucks.

　　"In the past, people often said that one trick is fresh and you can eat all over the world. In fact, this concept is outdated and your core skills must be updated." He said.

　　In the future, workers should be cross-border "miscellaneous"

　　In June 2019, Zhongwang Fabric Co., Ltd., a home textile enterprise in Hangzhou, began to build an intelligent factory that was fully informationized and intelligent from ordering, purchasing, manufacturing, inspection, packaging to warehousing. In this regard, the person in charge of this enterprise put forward a rigid requirement: employees recruited in the future can not understand home textiles, but must have relevant knowledge of intelligent manufacturing. Such a requirement may become the norm in the future.

　　The requirement for the quality of labor force in the era of artificial intelligence highlights the significance and importance of education. Having interdisciplinary thinking mode and learning ability is the key to future education.

　　Liu Gang, general manager of the emerging innovation business group of Shangtang Technology, believes that artificial intelligence is a comprehensive science involving programming, mathematics, machinery, physics, engineering and other disciplines. Future workers should not only be "experts", but also be "miscellaneous", which requires the ability of cross-border thinking and cross-border innovation.

　　At present, Shangtang Technology, East China Normal University and the Commercial Press have compiled and distributed the textbook "Artificial Intelligence Basis (High School Edition)", which is being promoted and tried in middle schools in Shanghai and Shenzhen.

　　"Popular science education and science fiction education in the era of artificial intelligence are very important. In view of the current situation of children’s lack of imagination, a strong popular science atmosphere is needed to open the fence of imagination." Wu Yan, a professor at south university of science and technology of china Science and Human Imagination Research Center, said.

　　Shenzhen Yuejiang Technology is sending their intelligent robots to the training class of vocational education, so that students can truly feel the working environment under artificial intelligence conditions. Liu Peichao suggested that the orientation of vocational education should be clearer, and it should be further integrated with the technological frontier. Instead of simply operating machines as "tools" and "craftsmen", the goal should be to cultivate new workers with the quality of human-computer interaction. (Half-monthly talk with reporter Chen Yuxuan, Wang Ying and Zhu Han)

　　□ Our reporter Han Dandong

　　□ Intern Yin Yushuang of this newspaper

　　Recently, an unrecognizable video of an ancient stone bridge after its restoration has attracted attention on the Internet. The ancient bridge, named Tieliang Bridge, is located in Xinzhou, Shanxi Province, dating back to the Jin and Yuan Dynasties. After the restoration of the stone bridge, except for the arch of the bridge, almost all the other parts were newly repaired, and some pillars and stone carvings on the bridge were also lost.

　　On April 22, Shanxi Provincial Bureau of Cultural Relics pointed out at the media conference that the local cultural relics authorities lacked the concept of protecting cultural relics and the supervision was not in place, and had asked Xinzhou to implement rectification as soon as possible.

　　The experience of the iron beam bridge once again brought the topic of cultural relics restoration into public view. How should cultural relics be restored to avoid "secondary damage"? Recently, the "Legal Daily" reporter interviewed this.

　　The ancient bridge lost its historical features.

　　Destructive repair is controversial

　　The iron beam bridge is located in Liansigou Village, Zhuangmo Town, Xinzhou City, Shanxi Province. In June 2007, it was listed in the first batch of municipal cultural relics protection units and intangible cultural heritage in Xinzhou City.

　　In order to make the bridge continue to undertake the modern traffic function, in recent years, the key parts of the bridge have been maintained to varying degrees. In 2019, Xinzhou Cultural Relics Bureau and Xinfu District Government put the maintenance of the iron beam bridge on the agenda, and successively organized and completed the preparation, demonstration, approval and engineering technical bidding of the maintenance scheme of the iron beam bridge, and started the maintenance of the iron beam bridge in early October 2019, and the main maintenance project was basically completed by the end of November.

　　However, the contrast video before and after the repair of the iron beam bridge caused a heated discussion on the Internet, and many cultural relics lovers thought that the bridge was "unrecognizable" and "lost its historical significance" after the repair.

　　On April 21, Xinzhou Cultural Relics Bureau announced that an investigation team had been set up in the local area to conduct a comprehensive investigation around the repair work of the iron beam bridge.

　　Professor Qi Jiahua, an expert in the restoration of ancient buildings in Xi ‘an University of Architecture and Technology, told the reporter of Legal Daily that the most important thing of an ancient building is its style and historical information. This restoration destroyed the original historical features of the ancient bridge and actually caused the depreciation of the ancient buildings. "Judging from the photos of the new bridge, it didn’t use the previous materials, so where did the previous materials go? If the whereabouts of these materials are unknown, it may also constitute a cultural relic crime. "

　　In recent years, it is nothing new that cultural relics are destroyed after restoration. In 2016, the wall and ground of a section of Xiaohekou Great Wall in Suizhong, Liaoning Province, which is known as the "most beautiful wild Great Wall", were directly paved with cement hardened pavement during the restoration process; An ancient building of the Republic of China named "Qiushui Villa" in Hangzhou, its mottled gatehouse and external wall were painted with a layer of yellow paint; In 2018, the painted sculptures in qinglian temple, a national key cultural relic protection unit, were painted with gold paint, which made them look brand-new, and the head of the Buddha statue was added with a ribbon that was not used before.

　　"Many historical sites can’t be used, but it is the symbol of that era, carrying the cultural information of that era and being unique." Qi Jiahua believes that the original intention of using historical sites to carry out tourism is good, but the local area has not done a good job in cultural relics protection. It is a very rough way to evaluate the ancients with modern technology. With new materials and new technology, there is no sense of vicissitudes and charm of history. Like Terracotta Warriors, Wild Goose Pagoda, Hanging Temple, etc., they are very old and have been repaired repeatedly, but their charm has not diminished. The main reason is that they have retained the original cultural genes.

　　Cultural relics should be repaired as old as before.

　　It is not advisable to destroy the authenticity.

　　In practice, what standards should be followed for the restoration of cultural relics? How can we achieve the balance between aesthetic feeling and practicality?

　　It is understood that the law on the protection of cultural relics stipulates that the principle of not changing the original state of cultural relics must be observed in the repair, maintenance and relocation of immovable cultural relics. The "Guidelines for the Protection of Cultural Relics and Monuments in China" stipulates that restoration should protect the original state and historical information of existing objects, and should be based on existing and valuable objects; The unique traditional technology must be preserved, and all new materials and new processes must be tested and studied in the early stage; Correctly grasp the aesthetic standards, and it is not allowed to change the original state of cultural relics by pursuing completeness and splendor.

　　Zhou Rong, director of the Institute of History, Culture and Tourism of Xi ‘an Academy of Social Sciences, pointed out that in the past practice, there were two different ideas about the restoration of cultural relics at home and abroad: "Repairing the old as the old" and "Different from the old". The first is a common idea in China at present, that is, to restore cultural relics in their original state, and the materials and techniques of restoration should be the same as those of cultural relics in their original state. The cultural relics thus restored are integrated, and generally no traces of restoration can be seen. However, some scholars have put forward different views on this. They think that since it has been repaired, we should distinguish the original things from the newly repaired things. This is the method of "the old is different from the new", that is, on the basis of not affecting the appearance, the repaired part is deliberately differentiated in color.

　　"No matter what kind of restoration concept, authenticity should be the first principle of cultural relics restoration. The restoration of cultural relics should conform to the era of cultural relics and its origin, and must be consistent with the original cultural features, and cannot be arbitrarily modified. In the process of restoration, aesthetic feeling and practicality must be balanced on the basis of maintaining authenticity, and the authenticity cannot be destroyed because the cultural relics are inconsistent with the current aesthetics. " Zhou Rong said.

　　Qi Jiahua believes that the restoration of cultural relics should adhere to the principle of "repairing the old as the old" in form, that is, to maintain the authenticity of history and reflect the technological level of that era; We should adhere to the "cultural gene" in content, that is, adhere to the aesthetic orientation and style of that era. For example, the Tang Dynasty preferred fullness, while the Song Dynasty preferred delicacy and thinness. "In the process of design and construction, experts should be invited to make suggestions and study what the style of the era in which cultural relics are located and what the corresponding technology is."

　　In the interview, Liu Rui, an associate researcher at the Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, said: "The standard of restoring cultural relics has been developing, and China’s traditional thought likes to be completely new, but now the recognized principle in the West is ‘ Repair the old as before ’ . Restoration is a process of continuous discussion, which is an academic problem and should be cautious scientifically. I personally feel that it is enough to continue the local ecology and tradition and conform to the local aesthetics. "

　　Build a multi-party participation mechanism

　　Establish a system of accountability

　　The "destructive restoration" of cultural relics has occurred in many places. At present, China attaches great importance to cultural construction, and the protection and restoration of cultural relics are also paid more and more attention.

　　According to Article 66 of the Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics, if one of the following acts does not constitute a crime, the cultural relics department of the people’s government at or above the county level shall order it to make corrections, and if serious consequences are caused, it shall be fined between 50,000 yuan and 500,000 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, the qualification certificate shall be revoked by the original issuing authority: (1) carrying out construction projects or blasting, drilling, excavation and other operations within the protection scope of cultural relics protection units without authorization; (two) in the construction control zone of cultural relics protection units, the engineering design scheme has not been approved by the administrative department of cultural relics and submitted to the urban and rural construction planning department for approval, which has caused damage to the historical features of cultural relics protection units; (three) unauthorized removal, removal of immovable cultural relics; (four) unauthorized repair of immovable cultural relics, obviously changing the original state of cultural relics; (five) unauthorized reconstruction of immovable cultural relics that have been completely destroyed in the original site, resulting in the destruction of cultural relics; (six) the construction unit engaged in the repair, relocation and reconstruction of cultural relics without obtaining the qualification certificate of cultural relics protection project.

　　In the interview, Zhou Rong believed that cultural relics at all levels should be examined and approved by the corresponding cultural relics authorities according to their different grades. According to some previous cases, the corresponding administrative review procedures should be started for the situation of iron beam bridges. First of all, we must check the scientificity and rationality of the repair scheme. Secondly, the cultural relics management departments and responsible persons who do not meet the requirements should be held accountable.

　　"In the process of cultural relics protection and restoration, we must adhere to such a mechanism that the competent departments of cultural relics take the lead and cultural relics experts and scientific research institutions participate. In addition to the administrative departments of cultural relics, cultural relics experts should also actively participate in the proposal and implementation of cultural relics restoration programs. At the same time, a corresponding accountability system should be established. For some so-called protection schemes and practices that do not meet the requirements of cultural relics protection and wantonly destroy cultural relics, the decision makers, departments and evaluation experts who make decisions should be held accountable. " Zhou Rong said.

　　Qi Jiahua believes: "The iron beam bridge is a municipal-level cultural relics protection unit. According to the existing regulations, the ancient bridge needs to be submitted for approval in advance before it is repaired, and a site restoration plan must be proposed. Who put forward the current plan and how it was passed should be investigated. In addition, when local governments want to use local resources to do something, they should do it professionally, rather than relying solely on enthusiasm and slapping their heads. The government should use the relevant institutions of higher learning and research institutes to give full play to the strength of professionals, so that it can get twice the result with half the effort. "

　　Zhou Rong suggested that in the process of cultural relics protection, due to the financial constraints of local governments, there may be a funding gap. The state should consider setting up corresponding funds or special funds to increase support for local cultural relics protection and make up for the funding gap.

A few days ago, the world’s first Mercedes-Maybach Atelier City Brand Center opened at 558 Shanghai Bund Financial Center, located in the heart of a world-class metropolis.

According to the introduction, the Mercedes-Maybach Lijing City Brand Center is jointly built by Chinese and German designers. It combines the brand’s luxurious ritual sense with artistic style to present an elegant new environment exclusive to Maybach and tailor-made for Chinese customers. The entire space covers an area of 541 square meters and is arranged with a thick door with 9981 metal nails.

Inspired by the classic Maybach two-tone car paint, the interior space and decoration of the Mercedes-Maybach Lijing City Brand Center are mostly contrasting colors, presenting a sense of contrast and visual impact. The space division is a perfect balance between functionality and artistic sense, arranging different functional areas such as private salons, in-depth experiences of physical and digital art integration, and new concept digital facilities in an orderly manner.

In terms of functions, the Mercedes-Maybach Lijing City Brand Center will equip each customer with Lijing consultants to provide exclusive sales consultation, customer care and vehicle maintenance services, and at the same time provide "MANUFAKTUR ingenious haute couture" exclusive customization services, on top of the existing high-end model lineup, to provide high-end customers with a wider range of personalized choices.

By 2030, more Maybach City Brand Centers and other Maybach-exclusive retail formats will compete around the world. With the launch of the City Brand Center, Mercedes-Maybach’s sales channels and marketing strategies will continue to be upgraded, and the high-end product matrix will further expand the branding impression and reputation.

At the same time, the Mercedes-Maybach S 680 4MATIC "MANUFAKTUR ingenious haute couture" model was also unveiled at the event, MANUFAKTUR means "handmade" in German. Among them, the exclusive customization service of "MANUFAKTUR ingenious haute couture" aims to provide customers with unique aesthetic taste with a wider range of product choices and meet their diverse aesthetic and craftsmanship demands.

It is worth mentioning that the Maybach S-Class car is a representative inheritor of national intangible cultural heritage Chinese painting paint skills, Qiu Qingnian, inspired by the magnificent Chinese color, and innovatively created four customized car paints, including: Xuan Black (MANUFAKTUR matte night black), Ji Qing (MANUFAKTUR mysterious blue metal), Moon White (MANUFAKTUR porcelain blue), Luanhua (MANUFAKTUR matte cloud desert gold).

Inspired by the "magnificent national color", Mercedes-Maybach also invited three outstanding contemporary Chinese artists, Ma Wen, Chen Yingjie, and Cao Yuxi, to present the theme art exhibition "Heavy Color Thousand Mountains". This art exhibition includes three dimensions: "Li Cheng", "New Thinking", and "Future", as well as three exhibition chapters: "Jiangshan Variety", "Boating Happy", and "Chongshan Shenyuan". The exhibition will be held at Shanghai Fosun Art Center from October 22 to 30.

In addition, Gorden Wagener, chief design officer of the Mercedes-Benz Group AG, and the talented designer Virgil Abloh have just completed the Chinese debut of a concept car, the Project MAYBACH. Among them, the Mercedes-Maybach S 680 Virgil Abloh limited edition, limited to 150 units worldwide.

The Project MAYBACH concept car showcases functionality, style and collaborative creativity in a forward-looking design language, and combines the concepts of "luxury" and "practicality", demonstrating the organic balance of nature and car technology and the exploration of future luxury.

The Mercedes-Maybach S 680 Virgil Abloh limited edition and ready-to-wear capsule collection is the first model launched by Mercedes-Benz in the Chinese market to support Dolby Atmos. The car’s Burmester high-end 4D surround sound system creates a new 4D somatosensory with acoustic massage with 31 speakers, 8 seat oscillators, 2 amplifiers and 1750 watts of output power. Dolby Atmos, on the other hand, goes beyond mono or stereo to achieve a 360 ° multi-dimensional range, providing drivers with a studio-quality sound experience.

The original Fang Sheng’s lecture on tracing is included in the topic # Tracing Talk 88# Caste System 2# India 2# Aryan 2.

Follow the trail and tell.

Give life another possibility with culture.

Author: Fang Sheng

Pictures/Typesetting/Proofreading: Tracing Xiaobian

The full text is about 3200 words, which takes about 10 minutes.

01

What is the caste system?

First of all, we have to be clear about a question: Why is the caste system called "caste"?

Because it is not the same as the simple racial hierarchy, it is not to say that you are black and you are low in rank, but to frame you in a specific social class with your bloodline.

Moreover, surnames are bound to families. Just look at your surnames and you will know at which level your family should be. In this way, as long as you limit each family to intermarry within the same caste, you can be framed and it is almost impossible to cross classes, thus stabilizing people at all levels of the whole society.

India’s caste system was first invented by foreign Aryans. After they conquered northern India, they invented such a hierarchy in order to facilitate the rule of the indigenous Dravida people. It was generally called Varna, which was the predecessor of the later caste system, and the religion used to explain this system was Hinduism.

▲ Indian Aryans (left) Dravidian (right) The picture originated from the Internet.

The core of the Varna system is "clean" and "unclean", clean or not.

For example, whether you are a vegetarian, whether you are exposed to corpses, blood, etc., some Aryan classics also give a clean contempt chain for many things. For example, gold is cleaner than silver, silver is cleaner than bronze, bronze is cleaner than brass, and brass is cleaner than pottery.

For another example, there are 12 kinds of unclean things on people, not to mention shit, even spitting is unclean.

▲ People who wash on the banks of the Ganges River: Hinduism believes that water can wash unclean and evil, and the Ganges River has the best washing effect, so Indians often bathe or wipe their bodies on both sides of the Ganges River. Image from the network

If a person touches something unclean, then he is unclean. However, people’s impurity is temporary and permanent. I’ve got something dirty on my body, and it’s unclean. Wash it, and of course it’s clean again.

However, if you often touch unclean things, people’s impurity becomes permanent.

For example, those who specialize in disposing of corpses and burying the dead, and those who often wash clothes with blood, if you keep doing this kind of work, you will be unclean, and you will have to be isolated from others, so as not to meet others and get them dirty.

They can’t even cover the shadows of other castes. Cover them and say that you have polluted others’ shadows. Therefore, such people are called "untouchables". They can’t touch them. They are too dirty.

▲ According to the Varna scale painted in the Song of the Rigveda Primitive Man, Brahman is the mouth of Primitive Man, Khshatriya is the arms of Primitive Man, Vedas are the thighs of Primitive Man, and sudra is the feet of Primitive Man. As for untouchables, they are excluded from the body of primitive people. Image from the network

This is the lowest level in the whole caste system, and it is called "Da Park Jung Su", which means "Dalit". Dalits are basically conquered Indian aborigines, mainly the Dravidians.

02

Control Indian society

Except for these untouchables who are always unclean, the rest are divided into four castes, which are called Varna. From low to high, they are: sudra, Vishnu, Khrushchev, Brahman.

Let’s look at the lowest level, Varna: sudra.

Hinduism says that sudra people changed from the feet of primitive people. The concept of primitive people is very complicated. To put it simply, it is the life body that started the universe in Aryan mythology, and later turned into everything in the world, which is somewhat similar to Pangu in China mythology.

Sudra is mainly a Dalopita, and this class is a slave, similar to the domestic slaves in ancient China, mainly serving people.

▲ The Dalai Lama map originated from the Internet.

Varna, one level higher than sudra, is a monastery, which was changed from primitive legs. Aryan classics stipulate that the Vedas can farm, graze and do business. To put it bluntly, they are ordinary people who can earn a living by their own physical or mental labor. The next level is the Khrushchev, which is the arm of the primitive man.

Khrushchev is a warrior class with political and military power, but no religious power. Religious power is in the highest level of Varna, that is, in the hands of Brahmins. According to Aryan classics, Brahman is the mouth of primitive people, that is, the spokesman of God.

Brahman and Khrushchev, basically Aryans, control the whole country in religious and secular aspects respectively.

Brahman, Khrushchev and Visha, men of these three castes, when they are about 10 years old, should be presided over by Brahman, which is similar to adult ceremony.

▲ The caste system map originated from the network.

Born from the womb, it was only a physical birth. After this ritual, it was a spiritual birth. This is a true Hindu who can participate in various religious ceremonies. Body+spirit, born twice, so these three castes are also called "regeneration clan".

Sudra and Dalits can’t participate in the ritual, so these people are only born physically, not spiritually, which is called "Lifetime Family". According to the teachings of Hinduism, because the whole generation has no spirit, it is no different from animals.

So you see, this system is completely for controlling people’s use. All people are born with their own position in society, and they have been brainwashed by this theory since childhood, which is convinced.

As a result, the whole society has a clear division of labor, the political power is stable, and Aryans, as rulers, have the final say in how the system determines them, so they have to come to things related to religion and sacrifice; As the conquered people, the Dravidians have to do all the dirty work, including social production, farming and grazing.

▲ Monks who play music that serves the gods-Brahmins (upper left) warriors with weapons are also feudal lords-Khrushchev (upper right) businessmen who calculate money with scales are also farmers-Vedas (lower left) have no symbols at the bottom slave-sudra (lower right) The picture originated from the network.

When the Aryans first came up with this Varna system, they didn’t actually involve oppression or slavery. Their main purpose was to make everyone have a fixed social division of labor, such as cleaning toilets and cleaning bodies. If the Aryans didn’t want to do it, they had to be done by the Dravidians, so they were the conquered.

For another example, Brahmins have the highest rank, and they control religion. However, the warrior class represented by the king is the second-class Khrushchev. If you think about it with your toes, you can know that whoever has the army has the final say, and it is actually Khrushchev who holds the real power. Therefore, it does not mean that Brahmins will oppress Khrushchev and Khrushchev will oppress lower-level monasteries.

Discrimination between different classes actually developed later.

03

Residual poison has caused harm to this day.

As we said before, the history of India is almost a history of foreign conquest. India is constantly invaded and conquered by foreign nationalities. Every time a foreign invasion, it will bring new culture and impact the caste system.

So how can this set of things continue to this day?

In fact, the reason is very simple. No matter who conquered India, when you look at this system of Aryans, everyone applauds, which is conducive to rule. Therefore, whoever comes here is careless, and everything remains the same. If any conqueror wants to change the caste system, it must be a bad thing.

▲ Mughal empire map originated from the network.

For example, in the 16th century, Mongolians established the Mughal Empire in northern India. These Mongolians were culturally Islamized, but after they conquered India, they did not forcibly promote Islam, but used Hinduism to rule India, with good results.

After several generations of emperors, the emperor’s brain was pumping, and he insisted on pushing Islam all over the country, which led to boiling public grievances. sudra and Dalits have been pigs and dogs for thousands of years, and you Mongolians have to make people own things, which hurts the heavens. Therefore, resistance came one after another everywhere, which eventually led to the collapse of the empire and India’s division again.

After India became independent from Britain in 1947, as a country determined to modernize, India will certainly abolish the caste system.

▲ Indian Mahatma who is persuading the Indian people to give up the caste system-Gandhi originated from the Internet.

Although the caste system has been abolished in law, it is still deeply rooted in the minds of ordinary people. In daily life, the influence of the caste system still exists, such as finding a job and renting a house, and there will be caste discrimination to some extent.

Marriage is even more so. According to tradition, people of the same caste can marry, but men of high caste can also marry women of low caste. This is called marriage, and the children born are still of high caste. However, if a high-caste woman marries a low-caste man, it is called reverse marriage, and the children they gave birth to are the lowest untouchables.

However, the population of Brahman and Khrushchev, the highest caste, accounts for a small proportion, which leads to a situation. Some high-caste women can’t find men, and their families can only attract men of the same caste through rich dowry, while many low-caste women also want to climb high-caste men, and their families will also increase the dowry. As a result, no matter which caste, women have become the burden of the family. Whether before or after marriage, their family status is very low, and their wives are almost husbands.

▲ Indian wedding map originated from the Internet.

According to the survey statistics of some international organizations, a quarter of Indian men admit that they have committed sexual violence, and a fifth of Indian men admit that they have done something similar to rape. Moreover, more than half of Indian men believe that women should fight and not fight is dishonest.

Therefore, there are a lot of rape cases that have exploded in India in recent years, and I don’t know how many have not. These men who commit crimes basically don’t treat women as human beings. The root causes can be traced back to the caste system.

Then why can’t this caste system be eradicated?

The main reason is that India has never experienced a thorough social revolution. If nothing else, look at China. Thousands of years of feudal ethics, so many bad habits, the Revolution of 1911, and the May 4th Movement have washed away the things in the old society.

India, on the other hand, has never been. The conquerors of foreign invasions have to rule the local people with the help of the caste system. They hope that the caste system will continue all the time. The founding of India is not a result of violent revolution to overthrow the British colonists, but a result of compromise. The original political forces and various cultures have basically been preserved. As the core content of Hinduism, the caste system is even more difficult to be completely eradicated.

(End)

[simulcast+]Recently, "News Network" reported the "Village Opening" ceremony of the Military Games Village, and 553 members of the China delegation became the first group to move in, which also marked that all the pre-competition preparations for the Wuhan Military Games were ready.

Athletes’ Village of Military Games

The 7th military world games held in China will be held in Wuhan from October 18th to 27th. The Wuhan Military Games will be attended by delegations from 110 countries. It will be the largest sports meeting with the largest number of participants and the most influential in the history of military world games.

The majestic National Day military parade is still fresh in my mind, and the news that the military games will be held soon brings our expectations into the sports field. But have you heard of this military world games, which is called the "Military Olympics"? Lianjun will take you to know.

"Wu" and "He" are the names of peace in military sports meetings.

Modern sports seems to be synonymous with peace and friendship. At the beginning of its birth, it was inextricably linked with war and soldiers. It prevailed in the ancient Olympic Games in ancient Greece. Athletes took soldiers as the main body, such as running, wrestling, mixed fighting, horse racing, chariot racing, pentathlon (sprint, long jump, discus throw, javelin throw, wrestling) and so on. Just listening to the names, they carried a certain military brand.

At that time, in order to allow athletes to participate in the four-year Olympic Games safely, the city-states agreed to suspend military operations during the Games. This is the famous "Olympic Truce". Thus, the ancient Olympic Games became a grand gathering for peace and friendship, which was independent of the war environment at that time.

In this way, sports has found a balance between the two contradictory human relations, namely "war" and "harmony". The birth of military world games is the product of human reflection on war and pursuit of peace. To commemorate the 50th anniversary of the end of the Second World War and the signing of the Charter of the United Nations, the first military world games was held in Rome, Italy, from September 4 to 16, 1995. At that time, 4,017 military athletes from 93 countries and regions participated in the competition and launched a competition without smoke.

On September 4th, 1995, the first military world games was held in Italy.

This is the first time in history that the armies of all countries in the world have gathered in a sports event in a peaceful environment, which coincides with the 50th anniversary of the end of World War II. In 1995, countries around the world held a massive commemorative event. In order to celebrate the victory of the world anti-fascist war and the lasting peace brought by the founding of the United Nations, this tournament was praised as "a peace celebration with special significance in the history of the world military".

In 1999, the second military world games was assembled in the Balkan Peninsula, where the war had just stopped for less than two months. Soldiers from 82 countries gathered in Zagreb, the Croatian capital, to spread "peace" under the blazing flame.

On August 8, 1999, the second military world games was held in Croatia.

Who is the strongest in previous military games?

Like the Olympic Games, the military games are held every four years, but the participants are different: the athletes participating in the military games are all active soldiers from all countries; The project settings are different: there are comprehensive Olympic events, military pentathlon, navy pentathlon, air force pentathlon, orienteering and skydiving.

Soldiers are born to be half athletes, do not hold weapons, and the sports competition between them is still full of firepower.

The Russian delegation won the first military games with 62 gold medals, 28 silver medals and 37 bronze medals, and Russian swimmer Dennis pankratov was named the best athlete in this military games. The host Italian military sports delegation won 22 gold medals, 16 silver medals and 13 bronze medals, ranking second in the medal list.

Our army sent a delegation of 191 people, including shooting star Xu Haifeng and swimming world record holder He Cihong, and won 13 gold medals, 21 silver medals and 15 bronze medals, ranking third. The first appearance of our military athletes on the international military arena made the world sit up and take notice.

After that, the top four gold medals in previous military games were ranked as follows:

2nd session: Russian, China, Italian and Croatian (hosts)

The 3rd session: Russia, China, Italy (host country), Ukraine.

The 4th session: Russian, China, German, Italian.

5th session: Brazil (host country), China, Italy and Poland.

6th: Russia, Brazil, China, South Korea (host)

On the whole, Russia has outstanding strength, ranking first in the first four sessions, not participating in the fifth session for some reason, and dominating the sixth session with great advantages. China won the second place in four sessions and the third place in two sessions, ranking second only to Russian. Italy was in the top four in the first five sessions, close to China, and fell to the eighth in the sixth session. Brazil’s first four sessions were unknown, and the fifth session won the championship with the benefit of the host country without Russia’s participation; However, the sixth session can still be ahead of China, and its strength should not be underestimated.

Just like the name of the torch of the Wuhan Military Games-"Glory of Peace", soldiers from all over the world gather here to pursue glory, ignite dreams and convey "peace, development and friendship" through sports.

On August 1st, torchbearer Wang Zhizhi (left) and torchbearer Xiao Dong handed over the torch. Xinhua News Agency reporter Vientiane photo

Our military delegation is fighting at home this time, and it remains to be seen whether it can achieve good results again.

"Create military glory and build world peace"

2019 coincides with the 70th anniversary of the founding of People’s Republic of China (PRC). Holding a grand, warm, simple and pragmatic military games will be a gift to the 70th birthday of the motherland. This is the first time that China has hosted a comprehensive international military event, and it is also the largest international sports event held in China after the Beijing Olympic Games.

Wuhan Wuhuan Sports Center

This year’s military games will be the first time to hold all competitions in one city, the first time to build an athletes’ village, and the first time to welcome as many as 27 competitions. At that time, nearly 10,000 active servicemen from more than 100 countries will compete on the same stage. Our army will send more than 400 athletes to the 7th military world games.

"Creating military glory and building world peace" is the slogan of this military games, and we are ready. Let’s gather for peace, pass on friendship through sports, and look forward to a perfect game together in less than a week. (Source: News Network, Liberation Army Daily, China Military Network)

The number of guaranteed research places is issued by the Ministry of Education every year according to the situation, and it is generally announced in early September. The number of research places in each university is relatively fixed and will not change much. The online statistics of the university’s insurance research rate is only the number of insurance research divided by the number of students enrolled in that year, and it does not represent all universities.

The actual number of research places will be adjusted according to the employment situation. In 2020, for example, the global employment situation is grim due to the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic. Many companies have closed down and a large number of employees have lost their jobs, and fresh graduates are facing great employment pressure. In order to alleviate this situation, the Ministry of Education has made it clear that it will expand the enrollment of graduate students.

The determination of the number of research places is not imaginary, but allocated according to the actual situation. The Ministry of Education will comprehensively consider the enrollment plans of various universities, the development needs of disciplines and majors, the employment situation and other factors, and rationally divide the number of postgraduate places.

It is very important for students who want to take part in research, to understand the principles and methods of quota allocation. You can get the latest information on the number of places for research by paying attention to the relevant policies and notices of the Ministry of Education and consulting the graduate admissions office of your school.

When applying for postgraduate insurance, students need to prepare personal materials and application forms in advance, and fill in and submit them according to the requirements of the school. At the same time, it is necessary to pay attention to the policies and requirements of each university to understand the specific application process and evaluation criteria.

In addition, students can improve their comprehensive quality and increase the competitiveness of insurance research by strengthening their academic research and scientific research capabilities. Participating in scientific research projects, publishing academic papers, winning awards, etc. are all points that are conducive to research protection.

It’s not an easy task to guarantee research, which requires students to make a lot of efforts during their college years. However, as long as students maintain a good learning attitude, actively participate in various activities, and constantly improve their overall quality, I believe they will be able to successfully apply for postgraduate studies.

Optimize the corridor layout, upgrade the logistics network, and strengthen the capacity of high-speed rail freight and international air freight.
Modern comprehensive transportation is moving towards higher efficiency

At the eighth meeting of the Central Financial and Economic Committee, the Supreme Leader General Secretary emphasized that the circulation system plays a fundamental role in the national economy, and to build a new development pattern, it is necessary to take the construction of a modern circulation system as an important strategic task.

Transportation is the basic link and important support for building a modern circulation system and smoothing the national economic cycle. It is necessary to build a modern comprehensive transportation system, form a unified and open transportation market, optimize and improve the layout of comprehensive transportation corridor, strengthen the capacity building of high-speed rail freight and international air freight, and accelerate the formation of a safe and efficient logistics network with internal and external connectivity.

Transportation connects the two ends of production and consumption, which is the basic link and important support for building a modern circulation system and smoothing the national economic cycle. At the eighth meeting of the Central Financial and Economic Committee, the Supreme Leader General Secretary proposed to build a modern comprehensive transportation system, form a unified and open transportation market, optimize and improve the layout of comprehensive transportation corridor, strengthen the capacity building of high-speed rail freight and international air freight, and accelerate the formation of a safe and efficient logistics network with internal and external connectivity.

What is the modern comprehensive transportation system like? How to speed up the construction? The reporter conducted an interview.

Lay a solid foundation-

Optimize and improve the layout of comprehensive transportation corridor.

Logistics is an important aspect of circulation, and transportation is an important support of logistics. Since the beginning of this year, a series of major transportation projects have been accelerated, which is expected to make the transportation skeleton stronger: looking at the highway, the construction of projects such as Baoshan-Lushui Expressway in Yunnan, Pingliang-Tianshui Expressway in Gansu and Yanjiang Expressway in Sichuan has been stepped up; Looking at the railway, the daily average number of trains on Haoji Railway, a new channel of "North Coal to South Transportation" newly opened to traffic last year, has increased to 20, and sichuan-tibet railway is also advancing in stages; Looking at aviation, the construction of new airports in Chengdu, Qingdao and other places is busy …

"After years of development, China’s transportation infrastructure construction has made remarkable progress, and the mileage of expressways and high-speed railways both ranks first in the world. However, compared with the requirements of building a new development pattern and smoothing the national economic cycle, there is still much room for improvement." Zhang Xiaodong, a professor at the School of Transportation of Beijing Jiaotong University, said.

Next, how to optimize and improve the layout of comprehensive transportation corridor?

We should pursue comprehensive efficiency. Zhang Xiaodong analyzed that at present, the roads and railways in the eastern and central regions of China are relatively developed. In the future, we should focus on improving the connection level of existing transportation facilities and give full play to the comprehensive efficiency of modern transportation. "Comparatively speaking, the transportation network in some central and western regions is not perfect enough. It is necessary to work out the layout at the height of connecting the east, west, sea, land and air, and connecting home and abroad, helping to form a unified domestic market and connecting more people and logistics into domestic circulation and international circulation. This idea is reflected in the Silk Road Economic Belt in the north, the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road in the south, the new land and sea channel in the west that connects the Yangtze River Economic Belt in coordination, and the China-Europe train connecting Asia and Europe. "

We should strengthen the weak links. "Compared with some developed countries, the number of airports in China is still small, especially in urban agglomerations such as Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta, where passenger and cargo transportation demand is strong." Li Xiaojin, director of civil aviation university of china Institute of Air Transport Economics, believes that relevant parties should appropriately expand the supply of airspace and ground resources and strengthen airport construction.

Wu Chungeng, spokesman of the Ministry of Transport, told the reporter that the Ministry of Transport will deploy and speed up the construction of comprehensive transportation corridor, hubs and network systems, focusing on promoting major projects such as the river-crossing and sea-crossing highway system along the border and coast, the new land-sea passage (Pinglu) canal in the west, the Xianggui canal and the Jiangxi-Guangdong canal, and promoting the construction of "four good rural roads", enhancing the capacity and toughness of the main passages, and enhancing the traffic density and vitality.

Make up the short board-

Strengthen the capacity building of high-speed rail freight and international air freight.

On July 19th, with the entry of a new all-cargo plane, SF Airlines’ cargo fleet expanded to 60 after 11 years of "sailing".

Since the outbreak, many passenger flights have been greatly reduced, but SF air cargo is still busy and efficient, transporting a large number of epidemic prevention and living materials for various places, which shows the advantages of fast transportation speed and high stability of all cargo planes.

Due to the late start, China’s air freight still has shortcomings. "According to the statistics of 2019, in China’s air cargo, passenger aircraft belly cabin transportation is still the main mode, accounting for about 70% of the cargo volume, and the proportion of domestic routes is higher, reaching 82%." Li Xiaojin said that improving the capacity of air freight, especially international air freight, is conducive to maintaining the stability of China’s industrial chain supply chain and enhancing the ability of China’s economy to resist risks.

How to make up the short board? "With the acceleration of consumption upgrading and the release of domestic demand potential, the transportation demand of high-value products such as electronics, fashion and medicine will gradually increase, driving the development of air freight." Li Xiaojin suggested that relevant regions and departments should take advantage of the situation and strengthen their support, such as developing freight airports by planning new construction, revitalizing resources and "bringing goods by passengers", and encouraging air freight enterprises to expand their fleet size and become integrated logistics enterprises, etc. "Gradually build an air freight facility layout with perfect functions, reasonable layout and smooth connection and an air freight network system that reaches the whole world."

Like the aviation field, railway transportation used to have a tendency of "emphasizing passengers over goods". "In recent years, after the continuous advancement of transportation structure adjustment, railway freight has stabilized and rebounded." Zhang Xiaodong told reporters that in 2018, the proportion of railway freight volume in the total social freight volume has increased. "Although there is progress, there is still a big gap between the ideal level and it needs to be strengthened."

In railway freight, high-speed rail freight is the most "young". "In recent years, China State Railway Group Co.,Ltd. has done a lot of exploration, such as using high-speed trains that don’t pull passengers to transport goods, taking goods with the car in some vacant large luggage storage places, or choosing some time slots and routes with low attendance rate to make room for freight. In addition, dedicated high-speed rail freight EMUs are also being piloted. " Zhang Xiaodong believes that high-speed rail freight has great potential and space. "In the long run, China’s use of the world’s most developed high-speed rail network to develop high-end freight is conducive to providing efficient, energy-saving and stable transportation support for the smooth circulation of the national economy."

The key to making high-speed rail freight "fire up" is to promote market-oriented reform. In 2018, China Railway Express and SF established China Railway SF through mixed reform, which organically combined their railway transportation resources and terminal distribution capacity, and the "high-speed rail" product launched also achieved "door-to-door" full service. Zhang Xiaodong said, "In the past, railway freight transportation focused on’ station to station’. The development of high-speed rail freight requires railway enterprises to deepen reforms and effectively improve transportation timeliness, train stability and integrated logistics integration. "

Optimize the structure—

Accelerate the formation of a safe and efficient logistics network with internal and external connectivity.

At 12: 25 on October 8th, the No.34114 train loaded with more than 2,900 tons of soybeans and corn left the container center station of Qinzhou Railway in Guangxi for Yiliang North Station in Kunming. So far, the container handling capacity of the new western land and sea passage (Qinzhou Port) has exceeded 200,000 TEUs.

The new land and sea passage in the west is the most convenient sea passage for goods in many western provinces. In recent years, thanks to the rapid development of rail-sea combined transport, all kinds of goods and containers will soon be able to sail out to sea after arriving at the port by train from the hinterland of the west. The rapid development of multimodal transport has further improved the overall transportation efficiency in China.

The progress is obvious, and the gap still exists. Wu Chungeng analyzed that at present, the structural contradictions of China’s transportation modes are still outstanding, especially in the freight field. Roads have undertaken too many medium-and long-distance goods and bulk goods transportation. "The connection of various transportation modes also needs to be strengthened, the conversion efficiency is low, the development of multimodal transport is lagging behind, and the terminal circulation is not smooth."

Generally speaking, China’s comprehensive transportation structure still needs to be optimized, and the key is to accelerate the formation of a safe and efficient logistics network with internal and external connectivity. "Only by integrating the smooth transportation network with the internal and external logistics network can we effectively support the modern circulation system." Zhang Xiaodong said.

On the one hand, it is necessary to connect internally and externally to ensure safety.

"What shippers need is door-to-door service, but most Chinese airlines can only provide airport-to-airport service for international freight transportation, especially overseas, and there is still a lack of necessary logistics network layout." Li Xiaojin said. Wu Chungeng said, "We will speed up the construction of the international logistics supply chain system, improve the transshipment system and ground service network, improve the support capacity of key channels and nodes, and do a good job in ensuring the key strategic materials."

On the other hand, it is necessary to connect smoothly and pursue high efficiency.

"In Zhengzhou Airport Economic Zone, the airport freight area and Foxconn factory are connected by railway, and electronic products can get on the train and board the plane just after leaving the workshop, which is very convenient." Li Xiaojin told reporters that at present, less than 20% of the more than 200 domestic airports are connected to railways, and most of the tracks are still used to transport passengers. "There is great potential for air-rail combined transport."

Wu Chungeng said that in the next step, China will strengthen the construction of special railway lines, water transport infrastructure, multimodal transport hub stations and collection and distribution systems, and make overall plans to study the proportional relationship between high-speed rail, ordinary rail, urban rail transit, aviation and water transport, and comprehensively improve the service level of multimodal transport. (Reporter Liu Zhiqiang)

　　More than 500 nails found on the campus of Tokyo Elementary School (Tokyo Metropolitan Television)

　　Overseas Network May 15thAccording to a report by Tokyo Metropolitan Television on the 15th, students in a primary school in Suginami District, Tokyo, Japan were recently scratched by nails on the ground. After searching, more than 500 nails were found on the campus of this school. With further inspection, nails were found in many schools in Suginami District.

　　According to the Education Committee of Suginami District, the school involved is Ogikubo Primary School. In April this year, a child slipped in PE class, was scratched by a 12.5 cm nail on the ground, and had more than 10 stitches in his knee. Subsequently, the school used metal detectors to detect in the school, and found a total of 544 nails and hooks, which have all been removed. According to the school, the school will use marks, nails or nails to line up neatly during sports meetings and other activities, and forget to withdraw after using them.

　　The principal of the school involved has apologized to the injured children and parents. After the incident, the District Education Committee asked the primary and secondary schools in the whole district to make an emergency inspection, and many schools reported that nails were found on campus. The district education commission plans to introduce regulations requiring schools to stop using nails. (Overseas network Wang Shanning)

　　According to the different pathogenicity of avian influenza, avian influenza can be divided into highly pathogenic avian influenza, low pathogenic avian influenza and non-pathogenic avian influenza. Recently, avian influenza caused by H5N1 serotype at home and abroad is called highly pathogenic avian influenza, with high morbidity and mortality and great harm.

　　Human avian influenza (hereinafter referred to as human avian influenza) is an acute respiratory infection caused by some subtypes of avian influenza A virus. In May 1997, a 3-year-old child in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China died of unexplained multiple organ failure. In August of the same year, it was identified as human influenza caused by avian influenza A virus H5N1 by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization (WHO) National Influenza Center in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. This was the first time in the world that avian influenza A virus H5N1 infected humans.

　　It is generally believed that human beings are not easily infected with avian influenza virus. Although people can be infected at any age, children under the age of 13 account for a high proportion of the infected cases, and their illness is serious.

　　The main sources of infection are chickens, ducks, geese and other poultry, especially chickens, who suffer from avian influenza or carry avian influenza virus; But it does not rule out the possibility that other birds will become the source of infection.

　　The route of transmission is mainly through respiratory tract, through close contact with infected birds and their secretions, excreta, water contaminated by virus, and direct contact with virus strains.

　　Susceptible people generally think that they are susceptible at any age, but the incidence of children under 12 years old is higher and the condition is more serious. People who are in close contact with poultry that died of unexplained illness or infected or suspected to be infected with avian influenza are high-risk groups.

　　Patients usually have an acute onset, and their early manifestations are similar to ordinary influenza. It is mainly fever, the body temperature is mostly above 39℃, and the heat course lasts for 1 ~ 7 days, usually 3 ~ 4 days, which may be accompanied by runny nose, stuffy nose, cough, sore throat, headache and general malaise. Some patients may have digestive tract symptoms such as nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea and watery stools. Severe patients’ condition develops rapidly, and there may be pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary hemorrhage, pleural effusion, pancytopenia, renal failure, sepsis, shock and other complications. Chest x-ray examination of patients can show unilateral or bilateral pneumonia, and a few patients can be accompanied by pleural effusion.

　　Avian influenza virus is sensitive to organic solvents such as ether, chloroform and acetone. Common disinfectants are easy to inactivate, such as oxidant, dilute acid, sodium dodecyl sulfate, halogen compounds (such as bleaching powder and iodine agent) can quickly destroy its infectivity.

　　Avian influenza virus is sensitive to heat and can be inactivated by heating at 65℃ for 30 minutes or boiling at 100℃ for more than 2 minutes. The virus can survive for one week in feces and one month in water, and it also has viability under the condition of pH<4.1. The virus has strong resistance to low temperature, and can keep vitality for more than one year under the protection of glycerol.

　　The virus can be inactivated in 40 ~ 48 hours under direct sunlight, and its infectivity can be quickly destroyed if it is directly irradiated with ultraviolet rays.

　　Experts remind that people who have been to the epidemic spot of avian influenza outbreak, or who have close contact with infected poultry and their secretions and excretions, or who are engaged in avian influenza virus laboratory staff, should go to the hospital for examination in time when similar cold symptoms occur during this period to rule out the possibility of avian influenza.

　　Clinically, we should pay attention to differential diagnosis with influenza, common cold, bacterial pneumonia, infectious atypical pneumonia (SARS), infectious mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus infection, chlamydia pneumonia, mycoplasma pneumonia, pneumonia epidemic hemorrhagic fever and other diseases.

　　Usually, you should pay attention to food hygiene, do not drink raw water, do not eat immature meat and eggs and other foods; Wash your hands frequently and develop good personal hygiene habits. Frequent hand washing is the most effective way to prevent all kinds of viruses, whether common influenza virus or H5N1 virus from invading. Ordinary medical alcohol cotton balls and disinfectant soap can effectively kill bacteria and viruses. Good hygiene habits are the most economical and effective way to prevent various diseases.

　　The main route of avian influenza virus transmission is through dead birds, sick birds and their excreta, so chickens and ducks must be bought in regular supermarkets to avoid sick birds and dead birds; Pay attention to food hygiene, and be sure to cook chickens and ducks when eating them. When you buy pet birds in the flower, bird, fish and insect market, you must ensure that the birds are not sick; Wash your hands frequently when raising birds, keep your distance when watching birds, pay attention to air circulation and pay attention to hygiene and disinfection.

　　Medical workers and people who deal with avian influenza, as well as those who are physically and mentally ill, should be vaccinated against influenza. Experts believe that injecting human influenza vaccine not only reduces the occurrence of influenza, but also helps to block the combination and recombination of human influenza virus and avian influenza virus.

　　November 14th, 2005. The Ministry of Science and Technology announced in Beijing that researchers in China have successfully developed avian influenza vaccine for human use, completed all pre-clinical research work and will soon start clinical trials.

(Editor: Ye Huiling)

The original nine Wan Li sorted out the medical respiratory channels included in the collection #2022 world asthma day 5.

* For medical professionals only.

4 suggestions +2 expectations. What does Professor Xie Jiaxing say?

Asthma is one of the most common chronic respiratory diseases in the world. It is estimated that there is one asthma patient in every 20 people in the world, and there are about 20 million asthma patients in China. There is no cure for this disease. Fortunately, proper management and medication can control this disease and enable patients to live a normal and active life.

Therefore, it is very important for clinicians to make standardized diagnosis and treatment of patients to improve the control level of asthma and improve the quality of life of patients. May 3rd, 2022 is the 24th "world asthma day". The Medical Respiratory Channel is fortunate to invite Professor Xie Jiaxing from the Department of Respiratory Medicine of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University to teach us about the diagnosis and treatment of cough variant asthma (CVA). Let’s have a look!

Is it asthma or cough?

Please keep these two suggestions about diagnosis!

Professor Xie Jiaxing introduced that CVA is a special type of asthma. Although it has the same pathophysiological mechanism as classic asthma, its clinical manifestations are different. Cough is its only or main clinical manifestation, and there are no obvious symptoms such as wheezing and shortness of breath. Airway hyperresponsiveness is the most important feature of the disease.

The main clinical manifestation is irritating dry cough, which is usually severe. Cough at night and in the early morning is its important feature. Cold, cold air, dust and lampblack are easy to induce or aggravate cough.

As asthma, CVA has a place in chronic cough. Domestic multi-center survey results show that CVA accounts for about one-third of the causes of chronic cough and is one of the most common causes of chronic cough. Therefore, CVA needs to be differentiated from other chronic coughs, such as upper airway cough syndrome (UACS), eosinophilic bronchitis (EB), allergic cough (AC) and so on.

So, how do we diagnose CVA?

At present, the diagnosis of CVA should be based on the comprehensive analysis of symptom-driven, pulmonary function examination and the effectiveness of anti-asthma treatment, and the diagnosis can be made only if the following three conditions are met [1]:

(1) Chronic cough, often accompanied by obvious irritating cough at night.

(2) The bronchial provocation test is positive, or the average diurnal variation rate of PEF is more than 10%, or the bronchial relaxation test is positive.

(3) Anti-asthma treatment is effective.

Considering the current situation of equipment and personnel training in primary hospitals, Professor Xie Jiaxing offered two suggestions:

(1) pay attention to avoid misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis.

In clinical work, Professor Xie Jiaxing met many patients who were diagnosed with CVA in primary hospitals. Many cough patients were diagnosed with CVA only because of a positive bronchial provocation test, so they used many drugs to treat asthma.

But in fact, this condition alone is not enough to diagnose CVA, and we should fully consider it according to our diagnostic criteria. For example, the patient’s symptoms, does the cough last for a long time, often at night? For example, after asthma treatment, is the patient’s symptoms obviously relieved?

In addition, Professor Xie Jiaxing said: "We sometimes see it in clinic, because some grass-roots hospitals can’t carry out bronchial provocation test, and they do bronchodilation test. Perhaps the basic ventilation function of many CVA patients is normal, so it is difficult to make a positive result from the bronchodilation test. At this time, CVA may be missed because of negative results."

(2) Under limited conditions, consider the peak current meter to help check.

Considering that some primary medical institutions do not have the conditions for lung function examination, the peak current meter, as an instrument that can quickly and objectively reflect the peak expiratory flow rate (PEF), can monitor PEF and daily variation rate at any time, and record asthma diaries or draw charts to evaluate and monitor the severity of asthma, and can also find the regularity of asthma attack, which is equivalent to a sphygmomanometer commonly used in hypertension examination or a blood glucose meter commonly used in diabetes examination, and can play a certain role.

Grass-roots doctors can monitor for one week by using the peak current meter. If the PEF changes greatly and exceeds a certain value (for example, the weekly variation rate is more than 20%), it can also prove that patients may have airway hyperresponsiveness, which is helpful for the diagnosis of CVA.

Treatment of CVA, pay attention to patient compliance.

When talking about the treatment of CVA, Professor Xie Jiaxing said that the drugs and principles of CVA are basically the same as those of classic asthma, because they have the same pathophysiological mechanism, and early intervention will help to prevent CVA from developing into classic asthma.

Here are the treatment suggestions listed in the Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment of Cough (2021):

(1) It is recommended that inhaled corticosteroids be combined with bronchodilators, such as long acting beta-agonists (LABA) or inhaled corticosteroids alone (1B). Combined therapy can relieve cough symptoms more quickly and effectively than inhaled corticosteroids or bronchodilators alone, but more clinical research evidence is needed. The treatment time is more than 8 weeks, and some patients may need long-term treatment or intermittent treatment as needed. It is suggested to refer to the asthma treatment mode, evaluate the patient’s treatment response during the treatment and adjust the treatment plan (2D).

(2) If the patient has severe symptoms or airway inflammation, or has poor response to inhaled corticosteroid therapy, oral corticosteroid therapy (10~20mg/d for 3 ~ 5 days) or inhalation preparation of ultrafine particles can be used for a short time. Long-term oral corticosteroid therapy for CVA(2C) is not recommended.

(3) Leukotriene receptor antagonist is effective in treating CVA, which can relieve cough symptoms, improve the quality of life and slow down airway inflammation (2B). Leukotriene receptor antagonist therapy may be effective in a few patients who have failed to respond to inhaled glucocorticoid therapy. The course of treatment and its inhibitory effect on airway inflammation still need further study.

(4) Traditional Chinese medicine believes that CVA is related to wind evil invading the lung and lung qi failing to propagate, so the treatment should be dispersing wind and dispersing lung, relieving cough and relieving sore throat, and Suhuang Zhike Capsule has a certain effect (2B).

If inhaled corticosteroid treatment is ineffective for more than 4 weeks, it needs to be re-evaluated, and attention should be paid to whether there are diagnostic errors, false positive bronchial provocation test or other diseases, or some factors affecting the curative effect.

Therefore, inhaled glucocorticoids are the most commonly used drugs for CVA, but there is a problem of low patient compliance. Here, Professor Xie Jiaxing shared two points to improve patient compliance:

(1) reduce the fear of "hormones"

Many patients will have resistance when they hear the word "hormone". Clinicians can tell patients: "Inhaled glucocorticoids only work locally in our bronchi, and rarely enter the whole body. The side effects are very slight, so we usually don’t have to worry too much."

(2) emphasize not to stop taking drugs by yourself.

This is often the case in clinic. After several days of inhaled corticosteroid treatment, some CVA patients have completely recovered their self-feeling, or they will stop taking the drug on their own after taking the medicine for a period of time with the concept of "three drugs are toxic".

This requires clinicians to make it clear as soon as possible, so that patients can fully realize that this behavior of stopping taking drugs by themselves may lead to repeated illness, and the symptoms may only be relieved after taking drugs for a period of time. For example, "Although the symptoms are suppressed for a short time, chronic inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in the airway still exist, and stopping taking drugs by themselves may easily lead to recurrence or progress from CVA to more serious classic asthma. Therefore, stop taking drugs by yourself, and doctors will use instruments to check related indicators to determine whether you can reduce or stop taking drugs."

In addition, the determination of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) as a convenient method for airway inflammation has been popularized in most primary hospitals. If the result is significantly increased, it also suggests the possibility of CVA, and it can also be used to evaluate the patient’s treatment response and adjust the treatment plan.

Expectation and prospect

Professor Xie Jiaxing has been engaged in the diagnosis and treatment of respiratory diseases such as asthma for many years, and put forward two expectations for the diagnosis and treatment of asthma in the future:

(1) New drugs/therapies

At present, inhaled glucocorticoids, as commonly used drugs, need to be used by patients every day, which is prone to low patient compliance and inconvenient compared with other dosage forms such as oral administration. Then, it is expected that more convenient drugs or better alternative therapies will appear in the future, which will be more convenient to use and better control the airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness of CVA, so that diseases can be better treated.

(2) Move towards precision medical care.

Precision medical care is the general direction of modern medical care. We have been carrying out all kinds of cutting-edge research to explore new treatment methods, new technologies and new hopes that are expected to cure various diseases. We also look forward to the development of CVA in this respect, such as clarifying the deep-seated causes of CVA, carrying out individualized radical treatment, completely avoiding CVA from progressing to classic asthma and blocking the disease process.

Expert introduction

Xie Jiaxing

The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Chief Physician of National Respiratory Medicine Center, and Academic Master Tutor.

Young Member of Respiratory Physician Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association

Vice Chairman of Youth Committee of Chronic Airway Diseases of China Medical Education Association

European respiratory society long-term scholarship winner

Advanced individuals in the prevention and control of epidemic situation in COVID-19 of the national health system.

Member of the Expert Group "Multidisciplinary Expert Consensus on Diagnostic and Therapeutic Criteria for Eosinophilic Granulomatous Polyvasculitis in China" (Chinese Journal of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, 2018,41(7):514-521).

Member of the Expert Group of "Multidisciplinary Expert Consensus on Differential Diagnosis of Pulmonary Eosinophilia-related Diseases in China" (Chinese Medical Journal, 2022,102(1):21-35).

Editor-in-chief of Differential Diagnosis of Pulmonary Eosinophilia-related Diseases (People’s Health Publishing House)

Editorial Board of Journal of Tuberculosis and Pulmonary Diseases

Main directions: eosinophilia, asthma and chronic cough.

Reference source:

[1] Asthma Group, Respiratory Branch, Chinese Medical Association. Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cough (2021)[J]. Chinese Journal of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, 2022,45 (1): 13-46. DOI: 10.3760/CMA.J.CN112147-2021101-00755.

Asthma Group, Respiratory Branch, Chinese Medical Association. Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Bronchial Asthma (2020 Edition) [J]. Chinese Journal of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, 2020,43(12):1023-1048.

This article starts: medical respiratory channel

This article is organized as follows: Nine Wan Li.

Audit expert: Xie Jiaxing, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University.

Editor in charge: Dai Dai Zhang Li

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