"The degree of protection for women and children is a true reflection of the degree of social civilization. The protection of vulnerable groups is our bottom line protection. "

Just past Women’s Day, people lamented that the social atmosphere seems to have really changed. There is less marketing to write money on the face, more discussion on the current situation of gender issues, and an appeal to face up to women’s needs. But is that enough?

We collected labels and events in various hot search lists in the past. Employment discrimination, marriage and childbearing, women’s safety, cyber violence, domestic violence cases, gender culture, sex education and the sale of women and children, with these eight topics and public events, interviewed Chen Bi.

Chen Bi has been involved in public writing for a long time, writing articles in various media columns to popularize the law. The topics she talked about covered almost all the above aspects.

Her editor called her "Huang Yaoshi of the Legal Group"-she seldom explained complicated jurisprudence and hardly showed off technical terms, but was good at using a line, covering cases from ancient times to modern times.

The following are related topics in eight fields, and our dialogue with Chen Bi.

I hope these specific weapons can help you protect your freedom in all aspects of life. I hope this weapon will be seen by more women and learn to use it.

Discrimination in employment

new weekly : A hot search like # Female Sex Discrimination in Job Hunting: HR Questioning Marriage Situation # seems to appear once every three to five times. Do you feel that the laws and regulations protecting the rights and interests of female workers have not been fully implemented by enterprises? Some people even say that "sensory impairment is greater than help." What should individuals do if they encounter gender discrimination in interviews and employment?

Chen Bi ：When you join the company, you are asked whether you are married, how many children you have, and whether you plan to have two children. This is to protect its free economy. The law gives you these freedoms, and the enterprise must provide these marriage leave and maternity leave, and it will evaluate them.

Looking at actual cases, we can say some ways to avoid hidden discrimination. We may not be able to refuse to answer questions like academic qualifications and professional qualifications when we take office. However, the problem of marriage and childbearing is ok, because it does not involve the professional requirements of employment. The potential risk is that if you say "I don’t answer", you may be rejected inexplicably.

In many judicial cases, the law has been given to women.The right to "talk nonsense"You can say I’m not married, I’m not going to have two children,You can choose the answer that is favorable to you. Even if it doesn’t conform to your real thoughts, (The law supports you. This is not a violation of your obligation, because he has no right to know this information.

What should we do if the company requires in the agreement that we can’t have children within a few years of joining the company? In fact, female workers can sign,You don’t have to implement it after signing it, because it is an invalid clause.In the future, it will not bind you, but will protect you. Just defend the rights of workers.

The Labor Contract Law also clearly states that if an employer excludes his legal obligations or restricts the legal rights of the other party, these clauses are invalid.

Implicit discrimination in the workplace is difficult to eliminate in three to five years, and we can’t wait until we are completely equal before looking for a job. Therefore, I hope that young women will know how to use the law to protect themselves when looking for a job. I can refuse to answer, saying that the answer that is beneficial to me is also a choice. It is difficult to change the status quo immediately, but it is possible to make the status quo beneficial to us.

new weekly Protecting the weak and protecting capital(market freedom) seems to be a long-standing contradiction. How should it be changed? What tools can help eliminate discrimination?

Chen Bi ：This topic is quite valuable. It was discussed 10 years ago.

Personally, I think that capital freedom, market freedom, free economy and the protection of workers and the weak are actually interlinked at the bottom. Capital and market should be free, and the underlying logic should be based on respect for people. Only by stimulating people’s subjectivity can there be a free economy. This is also the basic idea of Hayek.

When we talk about protecting female workers, we are also protecting people and respecting their freedom and rights.

Why is there such a thing now?Separation and opposition? In fact, both sides are misunderstood.Free economy is hurt, not because of over-protection of workers, but because the law does not fully protect the subject of rights..

For enterprises, their property rights are not fully protected. Workers also feel as if they have been exploited, indicating that their basic rights are not fully protected.The bottom line should be found between the two, and it is far from this stage..

Enterprises and workers should work together to find a legal framework, so that our rights can be basically protected, and then see how to coordinate.

About marriage and childbirth

new weekly ：In 2019, there was a discussion. Women in Quanzhou were fined more than 90,000 social support fees for giving birth out of wedlock. Now that marriage and childbirth are untied, has their situation changed?

Chen Bi ：In the past, it was illegal to give birth beyond the planned target. At that time, it was generally believed that unplanned children would consume social resources (such as education, etc.).Therefore, the administrative organ should levy a social support fee.. After Zhang Yimou’s super-life, he paid a huge social support fee.

After the policy of encouraging three children came out, if it has been decided to collect social support and has been implemented, it will be maintained; A decision on expropriation has been made, but if it has not been implemented, it will not be implemented; If no measures have been taken, they will not be collected and will not be treated.

new weekly ：What other areas need to be supplemented and improved in the laws and regulations on unmarried childbearing?

Chen Bi ：In some places, there may be cases where the collection has been decided but has not been implemented, or during the enforcement period, the parties concerned are listed as untrustworthy. Because the efficiency varies from place to place, we may not have time to sort out all this part.

In fact, in the past two years, the Supreme People’s Procuratorate has also been inspecting and supervising all localities to sort out such unfinished cases.Remove people from the untrustworthy list as soon as possible.. Some cases don’t need to be executed, and the parties don’t have to appeal anymore.

new weekly ：At what level is it a good thing to legalize unmarried births?

Chen Bi ：There is no pre-relationship between birth and marriage registration. In the past, you had to register your marriage first, and then you had to register your birth, so that you could get an account and enjoy preferential policies such as maternity insurance and tax reduction.

Now that there are no preconditions for childbirth, there may be more family forms.Women have more autonomy.. Originally, in order to have children, you had to get married. Now you have the right to separate, not that everyone does it, but at least some people have a choice.

About women’s safety

new weekly ：In recent years, many people have paid attention to women’s safety issues such as marital rape, sexual assault by acquaintances, sexual assault by taking advantage of their position and sexual harassment in the workplace. What should be improved in our legal practice at present?

Chen Bi ：We have confirmed that sexual assault and harassment have not fully met the requirements of international conventions against discrimination against women.Women’s disagreement also needs to be manifested through physical resistance and evidence chain..

Let me give you an example. If you have forced sex with the opposite sex and later say that he raped you, according to our current proof logic, you should look abnormal at that time. You have many opportunities to call for help and call the police. Why not?If the victim didn’t do these things, she might get unfavorable results..

For example, I took a man’s arm and went into the hotel together. We talked and laughed and slept all night. I saw him off the next morning, but I didn’t report it later. On the third day, I called the police and said that he forced me.

But from the perspective of women, we will know the hesitation and fear of women at that time. She may be afraid to act rashly because of the high position of the other party; Maybe I was scared at that time, and after discussing it with my husband and girlfriends afterwards, I thought I should expose it. However, the current law is not designed from this perspective.

Some women think, why should I find so much evidence to prove that I disagree?

From the old proof standard-you have to resist fiercely, otherwise it doesn’t mean you disagree; Develop to the second level-reasonable resistance; Then develop to the third level-"no is no"; Finally, there is the fourth level, that is, more respect for women’s "Yes means yes", and women have to say "yes" to express their consent, so that sexual behavior can proceed. This is the development of women’s sexual autonomy.

archaicThe crime of rape initially protects social order.. Later, it changed greatly in meaning, from"Protecting the ownership order" has changed into "ensuring that women are not vassals of anyone"The crime of rape really violates the individual’s sexual autonomy, that is, the right to decide who I have sex with.

Feminism has developed to different heights in different countries.The theory of "Yes means yes" was accepted by the criminal law circle under the impetus of feminists, and it was gradually reflected in the trial.We may still be in the second and third stages.

new weekly ：Victims now need to prove their violation and disagreement. In the worst case, how can we keep the evidence and protect our rights and interests?

Chen Bi ：We are free to have sex with others as adults, whether male or female. But in your free state, if you have to express your disagreement, you should first say "no" bravely.The signal of rejection is stronger.

If it continues to happen, how can we keep the evidence and hold the other party accountable?

After having a bad feeling, you canSend a WeChat description to a friend immediately.For example, I feel that this person is very violent and I am a little scared. If adverse consequences occur,This description is also very important evidence.. It’s best to passVideo traceFor example, if you were brought in, you may be photographed by the surveillance of bars and hotels. From our experience in handling cases, these are all very important evidences. Like underwear, sheets, blood stains, which can leave evidence of the other party, try to keep them.

If you decide to call the police, it is recommended to immediatelyThe fastest speed alarmYou can receive the police at home with the hotel front desk and collect evidence with the police. Witnesses are there, and towels and sheets are in the room where you lived, which can reduce the pollution of evidence.

If you wake up in the morning and find yourself sexually assaulted, you must have it.Evidence consciousnessDon’t take a shower and wash your hair at once, or all the evidence will be washed away.

If you are an acquaintance, the other party may send a WeChat to appease the victim. You can restate the matter and say that I am angry with what happened yesterday, and maybe you can reconfirm the incident.

About cyber violence

new weekly ：In February this year, there were several cyber-storms, one of which directly led to the death of a pink-haired girl. Seeing that netizens suggested the introduction of an anti-cyber violence law, if any, what level should it contain? What obligations does the platform need to undertake?

Chen Bi : My personal opinion,It may be difficult to introduce the anti-cyber violence law. Unlike the Anti-Domestic Violence Law, it relies on women’s rights and interests, which is a very important work of the Women’s Federation.But who are the victims of cyber violence? It is difficult for them to be a subject.How can the protected rights and interests be condensed, and which social organization can take the lead? I find it very difficult.

Cyber-violence is not a legal term, it is embodied in many kinds of illegal acts and criminal acts, and its related provisions are interspersed in many laws. The acts involved are also governed by the Civil Code, the Law on Public Security Administration Punishment and, more seriously, the Criminal Law.

The current laws and regulations can basically cover the specific behavior of cyber violence, forward abuse, spread rumors and slander, expose the privacy of personal information, and disclose telephone numbers for everyone to call.

If a regulation can be issued to increase the obligations of the platform, the legal relationship will still be handed over to various departments to sort out, and it may be more practical to implement it by the Civil Code, the Law on Public Security Administration Punishment and the Criminal Law.

new weekly ：In many incidents of cyber violence, the role of platforms is partially vacuum, but their roles are somewhat ambiguous, because platforms may benefit from traffic. Is there any way to establish rules to clarify platform responsibilities? For example, when someone speaks disrespectfully, the platform should remind him which laws have been violated.

Chen Bi ：Some platforms are designed with these functions.After increasing the platform’s responsibility, maybe this kind of incident will still happen.. For example, in the case of the girl with pink hair, I personally think that the platform can’t completely evaluate that this will form a cyber storm event, which is difficult to prevent.

But the platform is inert, and it actually needs to bear mandatory obligations.If someone reports to it that it has been cyber-hacked, it must immediately delete the cyber-hacked information. If it is not deleted immediately, and the victim can show evidence of contacting the platform,It is to bear joint and several tort liability..

The law gives more consideration to what help can be provided to the victims. If you encounter a cyber storm, you must quickly ask the platform for help and ask the video to be removed. If the customer service can’t solve it, just get the other party’s work number and continue to call to complain. There are many successful cases that have been solved in this way.The platform has the obligation to take you off the shelf, and you can sue the platform together if it is not good enough..

Domestic violence cases

new weekly ：What was the implementation of the personal safety protection order in previous domestic violence cases?

Chen Bi ：The proof standard of personal safety protection order is actually low. For example, your ex-boyfriend sends you 20 harassing text messages a day, all of which are swearing. If you show this evidence to the judge, you are likely to get a personal safety protection order.

As long as the possibility of domestic violence is greater than that of non-occurrence, about more than 50%, which proves that others have harassed you and posed a real threat to you, you can ask the court to issue a personal safety protection order.

If the other party violates the personal safety protection order, if the circumstances are serious, it will bear criminal responsibility, and the maximum sentence can be three years. Many cases of domestic violence have been effectively curbed.

new weekly ：In many cases, domestic violence-related cases are first prosecuted by civil cases, and there may be cases where the judgment is light. Some people suggest that more detailed sentencing standards should be adopted for domestic violence. What do you think of this?

Chen Bi ：Domestic violence, like cyber violence, is not a legal term. If you want to divorce because of being beaten, it should be solved within the scope of civil cases.

If you want to prove that the other party’s infringement on you has exceeded the Civil Procedure Law, you can take a criminal approach and initiate a public prosecution. You need to add other evidence to prove that the other party has abused or intentionally hurt you, and the law will deal with sentencing according to its own rules.

Why do you get a light sentence in many cases? Because he has obtained the understanding of the victim, he may kneel down again and apologize. In addition, as soon as the family persuades him, the perpetrator will get the understanding, which is often the important reason for the "lighter sentence" in the judgment. From the judge’s point of view, ifIf the family is to be maintained, heavier punishment is actually unfavorable to family stability..

It also depends on the wishes of the parties, whether to continue to live together.If the victim resolutely does not understand, the sentence will not be very light.

new weekly ：The decision of the parties may also be influenced by the so-called "family culture", and it is necessary to maintain a harmonious family relationship. It makes sense in law, but it may lead to the victim’s rights and interests not being well protected.

Chen Bi ：Right,The right to escape is given to you, depending on whether our women grow up to master and make good use of this right.What we can do, especially what the legal profession can do, is to give you the right and put it here. When human beings can touch tools, she may be liberated.

I think the law can liberate human beings and women as well.One is that I will give you "weapons", and the other is to rely on the awakening of the parties themselves..

I think many people think that the victim is so miserable out of kindness that she must be rescued from her unhappy life and marriage. But personally, I think thisIt is also a logic of the strong.. If she insists on forcibly saving others, she may fall into another difficult situation.

In fact, as feminism says, the weak should be respected, right? But I want to give her this possibility. I can’t let her despair. There is no chance to ask for help or escape in the future. Now there is such a help and opportunity.

Where do you grow up, what kind of life do you decide,I prefer to say that the law should not have the logic of the strong.The law just gives her a chance to pick up the weapon when she wants to save herself and escape.

About gender culture

new weekly ：How do we educate about gender respect and gender equality in the whole system of public security and inspection law? For example, in the Ram case, if we knew how to protect the victims first, the tragedy that followed might not have happened.

Chen Bi ：In fact, all public security laws have one function, that is, legal education. The police station will also do this work, but it is more focused on teaching the masses.How to properly safeguard individual rights and not commit crimes?Wait.

The education of gender respect you mentioned is based on the popularization of law.At present, it can only meet the minimum requirements, and the minimum requirement of morality is the rule of law..

If you do legal education, you will know.There is a big gap between law and morality. And many times, respecting women is actually out of moral constraints.. I think the popularization of the concepts of being kind to women and living in harmony between the two sexes is more driven by social atmosphere.

However, the domestic violence in the Ram case is not only the degree of family conflicts, but also a violation of criminal law. Ram is with a person who has no respect for life and is likely to kill. The real danger already exists, but it has not been recognized and has not attracted enough attention. Finally, it has led to the tragedy of intentional homicide. This kind of murder case between husband and wife and between spouses actually happens every year, which is very shocking.

Sex education

new weekly ：We all know that the popularization of sex education is very important for the protection of children, but some parents worry that premature sex education may lead to precocious puberty in children. What should we do about it?

Chen Bi ：I think children’s sex education must not only explain how organs develop and how sexual behavior occurs. It is to let children understand that they are the masters of the body.

We have done crime research for so many years, in fact, we can see from the defendants and victims that they may have lacked a basic education in their childhood and did not form a right.Cognition of the boundary between peopleThis may be the focus of our sex education.

When you were young, you had to tell her that your body is up to you, and you can’t let others infringe on it, and you can’t let others touch your parts. Once she established this sense of physical boundaries, she understood many things.

Knowing this, we can understand that "other people’s bodies are also the masters of others." Who am I going to have sex with? It can only happen after mutual consent. I can respect myself and others. If she can understand this, she will bravely refuse or call for help when someone invades her.

If you don’t establish a sense of boundaries in your body, you will feel that you can invade others, and it doesn’t matter if others infringe on you.. If parents don’t do this kind of education when they are young, or they are prone to domestic violence, children may learn these things in the future.

The murderer in the Ram case also grew up in a violent environment at home. No one told him that your body should be respected and your feelings should be respected.

About the protection of women and children

new weekly ：One of the hot topics last year was the penalty for the sale of women and children. What specific changes have taken place in relevant laws and regulations in recent years?

Chen Bi ：People who bought women and children at first were not punished. Later, it was developed to stipulate in the amendment that buying will also be punished. However, the punishment is still relatively light, and the maximum sentence is only 3 years. Suppose that five years later, after the limitation of prosecution, as long as I don’t commit a new crime, you can’t pursue my criminal responsibility.

Why was it so loose in those days? First, because our protection of women and children is centered on combating trafficking,The penalty for abduction and trafficking is very heavy, which can be as high as the death penalty, and the bribe is obviously much lighter.Second, in order to encourage these families who buy and sell women and children, they can actively release the children and women and prevent them from doing things that hurt women and children in order to stop the rescue.

In this way, what happened in practice? Sometimes, when it is discovered, it has been several years, and it has become a fait accompli. People get along with each other, children may have been raised for several years, and better feelings may have been established. The trafficked women may be forced to get married and even have children.She will consider: if she leaves here, where can she go again?Will it be worse than living here? Sometimes they choose to stay where they are and continue their lives.

When the people’s court tries, it will take into account the necessity of maintaining family stability. If the victim comes forward to understand, it may be suspended, and the punishment seems very light.Most of the people who bought it were sentenced to several months in the end, and many of them were suspended..

I think the situation has changed now, including after last year’s discussion, everyone knows that trafficking in women is a heinous crime, and buying it is absolutely unforgivable. And the law enforcement power at the grassroots level is stronger. In this case, can the penalty be adjusted? The maximum penalty is only three years, which is really mismatched.

Women sometimes don’t exercise their freedom of choice, but they can’t help themselves.. But what we can do is to give women the choice as much as possible, and at the same time slowly change the society.So that they should not be in an environment where they have a choice but are unable to choose..

new weekly ：You wrote in your book, "The degree of protection for women and children is a true embodiment of the degree of social civilization". How do you understand this sentence?

Chen Bi ：What is the degree of civilization of a country or a society? It is not how much happiness most people enjoy, but these weak and vulnerable groups,What kind of rights do those people who may not be seen by us enjoy?.

Women are endowed with reproductive value because they have a uterus; As long as the surname is changed, the child can be endowed with the value of breeding blood. They will become the targets of trafficking, essentially because they are not treated as living people, but only used as a tool. The protection of them by laws and institutions is the symbol of a country and a social civilization. Their rights need to be seen.

Also share the book "The Echo of Justice" by Chen Bi, which contains many popular events.

# Media People Weekly #

Author | Felicia

Edit | Gillian

Proofreading | Yang Chao

Typesetting | Yang Yue

Scientific research shows that regular exercise has many benefits, which can promote blood circulation, enhance physical fitness and speed up metabolism. The specific points are as follows:

1. Consume excess heat.

2. Help maintain a proper weight and a good figure.

3. Improve the function of heart and blood circulation system.

4. Strengthen muscles and prevent osteoporosis.

5. Accelerate metabolism and delay aging.

6. Improve sleep quality.

7. Help reduce stress and balance your mind.

8. Sports and physical exercise are the key factors for children’s physical growth. Exercise can enhance the growth of children’s muscles and bones and increase their vital capacity.

aerobic exercise

Regular, rhythmic, long-term and moderate exercise, and full-body exercise with large muscle groups can supplement the oxygen consumed during exercise. For example, walking, cycling, jogging, long-distance swimming, race walking, etc., are helpful to strengthen cardiopulmonary function and blood circulation system. These exercises can burn body fat. Walking is the best aerobic exercise.

anaerobic exercise

Short-term explosive exercise, the oxygen consumed during exercise can not be replenished in time. For example: sprint, weightlifting, high jump, boxing and other short and intense sports. These exercises can regulate and exercise muscles, and energy is mainly supplied by muscle glycogen. Anaerobic exercise should vary from person to person, and everyone should design exercise according to their own health.

Stretching exercise

Stretching can increase the softness and flexibility of the body. Flexibility refers to being able to bend, stretch and twist your body easily, which is the most easily overlooked but most beneficial in daily life. Stretching exercises include yoga, Tai Ji Chuan, sword dancing, doing exercises, etc.

When is the best time to do outdoor exercise?

Some data show that 6-8 am is the worst time for air quality, and foggy days are not suitable for exercise. According to the current weather situation in Beijing, the air pollution in 9-10 am and 15-17 pm is low, which is suitable for outdoor exercise.

Source: Xuanwu Puwai

What is the charm of football?

In the football World Cup held in Qatar, the first stage of the group stage is basically clear, and there is no doubt that 16 teams will enter the top 16. However, it is a bit "sad" for German football players and fans who like German fans. Because the German football team was eliminated. Before the game, who would have thought that Germany was reversed by the Japanese team in the first game, losing the game with a score of 1-2, and then shaking hands with the opponent in the second game, and the two games were close by 1 point. The third game must be won.

Unexpectedly, the Japanese team, which was not favored before, unexpectedly defeated the Spanish team and squeezed into the top 16 as the first in the group. Because Germany’s goal difference was less than Spain’s, it failed to enter the top 16. The German team that once made great achievements in the World Cup and won the World Cup championship can’t even enter the top 16. How can we not let the German team leave Qatar with regret?

Asian teams, which were not optimistic, even predicted that Asian teams might be "wiped out" in the group. As a result, Japanese teams and Australian teams entered the top 16. More or less saved face for Asian teams. Football, speaking with strength counts.

The charm of football is that there are many unknowns. Perhaps it is this unknown number that increases the charm of football. I hope to enter the top 16 teams, show more heroic qualities in the knockout stage, and make Asian football develop for the world football.

Make due contributions!

Yidianhao Shen Hongsheng (Ahong)

News clue reporting channel: download the "Qilu Yidian" APP in the application market, or search for the WeChat applet "Qilu Yidian", and 600 reporters in the province will wait for you to report online!

Recently, foreign media "VGC" selected the top 10 games of the year. VGC’s list of the best games in 2022 is composed of those works that left a deep impression on VGC and brought novel or important changes to the game world, including mobile games and all-platform games.

Detailed list:

10《Cursed to Golf》

9 Horizon: Desperate West.

8 "Marvel Comics Snap"

7 Lego Star Wars: The Legend of Skywalker

6 Vampire Survivor

5 "Blade of Different Dimensions 3"

4 "Marvel Comics’s Son of the Night"

3 "The Legend of Pockmarked Dreams: Arzeus"

God of War: Twilight of the Gods

1 "Eldon Method Ring"

Deep in the Yellow Sea, millions of large yellow croaker grow freely.

Different from the real wild environment, their new home is a 100,000-ton "Guoxin 1", the first in the world. The "happiness of knowing fish" in the intelligent age is no longer a philosophical problem that can only be discussed. Its 17 breeding cabins use various new technologies to simulate the natural environment in which fish swim, and solve many defects of offshore fence culture. It is reported that "Guoxin No.1" produces 3,700 tons of fish a year, which is comparable to Chagan Lake. This is a major ocean project led by Ling Wen, an academician of China Academy of Engineering, during his tenure as vice governor of Shandong Province.

Ling WenAcademician of China Academy of Engineering, Chairman of Shandong Science and Technology Association, and expert in system engineering and energy engineering management. He used to be the deputy governor of Shandong Provincial People’s Government, the chairman of China Shenhua Energy Co., Ltd., the general manager, director and deputy secretary of the party group of National Energy Group.

In April this year, at the 14th China Industry-University-Research Cooperation and Innovation Conference, Ling Wen was awarded the "China Industry-University-Research Cooperation Outstanding Contribution Award". Ling Wen was born in mathematics, from the head of the credit department of Industrial and Commercial Bank of China and the general manager of the National Energy Group in his early years to the vice governor and chairman of the Provincial Association for Science and Technology. For many years, he has devoted himself to solving large-scale engineering management problems by using system science theory, and is a strategic management expert in the fields of system engineering and energy engineering. It is hard to imagine that many cross-border projects, such as the film Love at Zero Latitude, the large-scale symphony concert Yellow River into the Sea, the original Peking Opera Oriental Dagang, and the Yantai Net Red Punch Site Genghai No.1, all came from Ling Wen. In him, there is not only a rational romance, but also a profound thinking of dialectical understanding and transformation of things. This kind of cross-border has the meaning of "never changing from its ancestors".And this "Sect" is both a method and an aim, that is, to promote social development with extensive engineering thinking and ability. It is about scientific spirit, and it is more about personalized creation.。

The improvement of efficiency brings about the improvement of thinking.

At present, science education is endowed with a deep responsibility to transform the world, which is of great enlightenment significance to people’s growth and success. When talking about science education, Ling Wen first pointed out the overall crisis faced by education, saying that "our education is far from matching the national strength". While education is highly valued by the whole society, it has become the value trend of current education to cultivate students’ all-round development in morality, intelligence, physique, beauty and labor, but our evaluation criteria have not been fundamentally changed. "This standard ignores the individuality of people." Ling Wen said.

With the development of society, the labor efficiency is constantly improving. What should the improvement of efficiency bring to education? "It’s personalized. Human beings need to have a certain knowledge reserve, but I think that general education is only a foundation, and its proportion in personal growth should be small. A greater proportion should be reserved for customized education that teaches students in accordance with their aptitude, that is, let every child give full play to his strengths. "In Ling Wen’s view, education is not only about teaching knowledge, but its key influence is to let children find the direction of interest.。

In the past 20 years, China’s science education has been in full swing, and Ling Wen has been promoting science education for many years. In his view, the existing problems are obvious. He pointed out: "The teaching materials, syllabus and curriculum plan of science education have not kept pace with the times. The content of popular science books is still in the form of decades ago, and it is difficult for children to imagine words or pictures. Knowledge such as permutation and combination, spatial analytic geometry, etc. is very difficult for children with weak abstract thinking, but a little more complicated, many children can’t understand it. Now there are actually good scientific and technological means and tools to solve this problem. "

The expressive power of science is rich.Science education needs innovation. What’s new? Ling Wen believes that not only the questions, answers and ideas are new, but more importantly, the forms of expression are also new.. The current technology can completely comb the subject content from beginning to end, and use artificial intelligence to make it into a visual and standardized language. "It may be easy for students to understand revolution and rotation alone, but the revolution and rotation of all kinds of planets and stars in the universe is a relative concept in the solar system and it is not easy to understand together. Now, as long as we put on VR and AR glasses and digitally simulate the operation of the universe, children can understand it instantly. " Ling Wen said that sometimes the form is like a window paper. When the window paper is punctured, the students will be suddenly enlightened.

"I study mathematics. In the past, we proved a theorem, and it took two or three weeks to deduce and prove it on the blackboard. Now it’s very simple. Just use the computer to calculate which letter or coefficient is wrong. Changing one place will automatically generate the result. When we were at school, one of the skills of math teachers was that they could turn their backs on 50 children and draw a standard circle with chalk, but this skill was easily eliminated. " Ling Wen felt that education is the most hopeful field for all mankind. At present, science education should give full play to the advantages of the whole country, enrich popular science forms, and let scientists, artificial intelligence experts and science fiction writers plan digital creative teaching together, so as to improve learning efficiency and give children more time to ask questions and spread their thoughts.

In Ling Wen’s view, the essence of science education is to let children do what they like happily according to their talents. As a teenager, Ling Wen grew up assembling small radios, small semiconductors and small airplane models. "At that time, we often went to the surrounding May 7th factory for internships. When we found that the motor we made could really generate electricity, this excitement was very encouraging," he said.Cultivating hands-on ability from an early age is of great significance for cultivating scientific sentiment and solving major engineering problems in the future. Therefore, for science education, science, technology and engineering need to be popularized.。

During his tenure as vice governor in charge of science and technology, Ling Wen paid close attention to science education. He asked all departmental leading cadres of the Provincial Science and Technology Department, the Provincial Academy of Sciences, the Provincial Academy of Social Sciences and the Provincial Association for Science and Technology to give lectures on popular science in primary and secondary schools every year. A few years ago, the scientific quality level of citizens in Shandong Province did not reach the national average. With the joint development with the national education field, it has been greatly improved by the end of 2022. In his eyes, academicians should go among primary and secondary school students. "No matter how high your scientific achievements are, it is very worthwhile for academicians to give lectures to children, and I can feel happiness from them. Because it is a matter of infinite merit to really plant a seed of the future in children’s hearts, let them learn and love science from primary schools, and finally be able to talk about and use science. "

In September this year’s popular science week, Ling Wen told children about magnetic levitation and the spirit of scientists in the Shandong Science and Technology Hall. When it comes to the story that Guo Yonghuai and his guards, the meritorious service of "two bombs and one satellite", were unfortunately burnt because they tried their best to protect confidential documents when the plane crashed, the children cried. "The spirit of scientists is very important for science education, so we must combine patriotism with the ideal of future life." What moved him was that after the lecture, the children wrote letters and painted pictures of their own feelings and experiences to him, and more than 100 copies were full of sincerity.

Engineering thinking gives birth to new machines in crisis.

It has been more than one hundred years since "Mr. De" and "Mr. Sai" were put forward. Serving the country scientifically is great and passionate. As a system engineering expert with strategic thinking, Ling Wen has been thinking dialectically and calmly about it.

"The purpose of scientific research is to discover laws, and technology is to find tricks with scientific theories. Only when engineers apply scientific discoveries and technical tricks to production and large-scale activities to transform the world can the objective world be truly changed." He believes that scientific discoveries are of course important, even beautiful, but our aim is to form productive forces and then change the world.In the fierce international competition, we should go ahead and balance the relationship between science, technology and engineering, that is, we should handle the relationship between basic research, applied research and large-scale engineering application.。

In early 2020, the COVID-19 epidemic suddenly broke out. Resources are scarce everywhere, and what is lacking most is protective clothing. Ling Wenzheng, then vice governor of Shandong Province, was in charge of resuming work and production, which was a close call and the situation was urgent. "Our task is to hand over 850 pieces of protective clothing to the central government every day, but the province can only produce 650 pieces every day. There is a lack of workers and materials. " In order to isolate the virus, the most important process of protective clothing is to use a laminating machine to seal the adhesive, so as to enhance the isolation performance of protective clothing, and finally through the ethylene oxide cabinet disinfection, in order to really produce.

Under great pressure, Ling Wen went to Zaozhuang Kangli Medical Device Technology Co., Ltd. for investigation, found a workshop director with the most experience in layering machine operation, and asked her how long it would take to train a skilled layering machine worker. The director said, ten years. Hearing this answer, Ling Wen was startled at first, and then he asked the director to demonstrate it again, and then he got on the computer in person, and finished the layering link with his hands, eyes and feet. "Am I qualified?" Ling Wen asked. After reading it, the director said, "The eye of the needle is pressed, and it is barely qualified, but the stitch is crooked."

Ling Wen said that this is his first time to use the layering machine. Whether it is beautiful or not is not his purpose. His purpose is to judge how long it will take to train a qualified layering machine worker and how to achieve the production index of protective clothing. "In this way, it will be simple. There are more than 140 vocational schools in Shandong Province. We have found about 3,000 vocational high school students with strong hands-on ability to immediately train and take up their posts. The problems of workers will be solved immediately and the production capacity will come up at once."

The length of the batten required for a protective suit is 11.6 meters. In the face of the shortage of layering, Ling Wensi examines how to reduce its use length. Through observation, it was found that the practical performance of the seams of protective clothing such as "pinching waist" and "dovetail" was not high, so Ling Wen immediately decided to reform the cutting technology and try to make the most protective clothing with the least layering. In practice, the service length of a protective clothing batten has been reduced from 11.6 meters to 6.3 meters. At the critical moment, a new technology was born.

There is an important process before the protective clothing is delivered to the doctor, that is, sterilization with ethylene oxide cabinet. At that time, the ethylene oxide disinfection cabinets produced by the national protective clothing enterprises were "pitiful". "To sterilize, must we use the ethylene oxide cabinet produced by protective clothing enterprises?" Ling Wen used his quick wits to set aside the established conditions and decided to look for ethylene oxide cabinet manufacturers in other fields. "Because of this opportunity, we caught two’ big fish’, Weigao Medical Equipment Co., Ltd. and Dishang Group Co., Ltd. located in Weihai."

Make something out of nothing. Less than a week later, a new factory was born in the suburbs of Weihai. Integrating the sterilization cabinets of Weigao Group and the capabilities of textile women workers of Dishang Group, this new factory can produce 65,000 pieces of protective clothing in one day. Ling Wen said that telling stories about the birth of new machines in this series of crises is to emphasize the importance of scientific literacy and engineering ability for people to solve problems, and education needs to focus on cultivating students’ thinking ability in this respect. "Only when we have established a certain logical thinking, will we take the initiative to ponder the whole story and exert our creativity."Of course, it is not arbitrary to transform and create things. We should put engineering problems into the interaction and function of several elements of the whole system to understand and form an open and stable structure. This engineering thinking is the basis for solving complex problems.. When asked what are the core elements of engineering thinking, Ling Wen emphasized that solving engineering problems means following goal orientation, result orientation and problem orientation.

On the basis of respecting the law, it is widely crossed and integrated.

No matter the growth of individuals or the progress of mankind as a whole, problems and hopes appear alternately. Scientific literacy and engineering thinking can help us mobilize resources, give full play to our imagination and create a better future.. To reach this bright future, Ling Wen said, children must be encouraged to do what they like and are good at. This is the law of education, and what is more important above this law is extensive intersection and integration.

Recalling college days, Ling Wen was deeply happy. At that time, he could not only concentrate on studying professional knowledge, but also extensively and freely study art courses such as western music history and western art history. Every week, he would go to a symphony concert with three or five friends. Some time ago, he once suggested to Liao Changyong, a baritone singer and president of Shanghai Conservatory of Music, that he wanted to offer two courses, one for engineering students and the other for art students, so that they could understand and integrate with each other.

The transformative power brought by cross-border thinking is enormous. In recent years, Ling Wen has participated in many projects, such as building photovoltaic integration, magnetic levitation power equipment, marine pasture, clean and low-carbon coal projects and so on. "Our other team is currently promoting the research and development of BIPV buildings. In order to make a building generate electricity, photovoltaic panels can be hung on the facade of the building. This project is very simple, but its premise is that there must be a building, which is called BAPV, and BA is BuildingAttached, an annex building. Let’s further develop our imagination and turn A into I, that is, Integration and fusion. If the photovoltaic building is integrated, the photovoltaic panel itself is the building material of the facade, which can be wind-proof, waterproof, dustproof, earthquake-resistant and thermal insulation. Why not? " Ling Wen said that this technology is quite subversive, because building integration alone accounts for about 50% of the country’s carbon emissions. It is estimated that a BIPV building can basically reduce energy consumption by 30%.

"All construction machinery products, in order to reduce the wear and tear of parts caused by friction, usually choose to use special bearings or add oil to bearings. The magnetic levitation power equipment we are developing can not only ensure no contact friction, less energy loss, but also realize high-speed rotation of machinery. " High speed means high efficiency. Ling Wen emphasized that to promote the emergence of these subversive technologies, we should not only master the knowledge of science, technology and engineering, but also respect the law of development of things.

China is rich in marine resources and has broad prospects. In recent years, in order to accelerate the transformation and upgrading of the fishery industry, Shandong has taken promoting the construction of marine pastures as a powerful starting point for developing the marine economy and building a strong marine province. At present, there are 44 national marine pastures in the province, accounting for 40% of the country. Ling Wen said that there are great defects in the traditional way of raising fish. Piling, casting nets and throwing seedlings in the offshore area are people-centered and cultured according to people’s ideas. He laughed and said, "Have we ever thought about how fish feel? Fish have their own growth laws. Migratory birds fly thousands or even tens of thousands of kilometers, and so do fish. " In order to promote the development of fishery in the digital age, Ling Wen presided over the research and development of the "Guoxin No.1" aquaculture ship project. The fish tank carried by this project uses deep-sea water sources to change water 18 times a day, and the salinity, temperature, pressure, electrolyte and other indicators in the tank are consistent with the deep-sea environment. In such a space, the growth density of fish can be ten times higher than that of the outside world.

Ling Wen said that engineering problems are not one aspect or a local problem, but we should consciously and fully recognize the complexity of things, so as to identify the essence of things and the harmonious relationship with the surrounding world, and solve them according to the law on the basis of understanding nature, society and human thinking. In this process, it already includes scientific discovery, technical know-how and engineering realization. “In people’s traditional ideas, scientists’ status’ is the highest. But if I can define it, I would rather call the practitioners in these three fields scientists, technologists and engineers, who are equally important.. The integration of science, technology and engineering is the prerequisite for human beings to liberate productive forces, implement high-quality development, and develop scientific, practical and economical engineering and products.

凌文强调，要按照习近平总书记对战略科学家的要求，培养科技人才跨学科、跨领域的判断力、理解力和领导力，善于将自然科学和社会科学相融合，善于把科学、技术和工程相融合，善于把基础研究、应用研究和大规模工程实践相融合。“一定要鼓励跨界创新，即便在跨界过程中暂时出现失误也没关系，只要秉持严谨的科学精神，相互交流、相互促进，就可以奔赴我们想要的未来。”

江河入海。科学、技术、工程三个不同的支流，在广义上有一个共同的目标，即推动社会发展。辨析凌文解决问题的方法论，科学、技术、工程从来不是孤立存在，而是相伴而生。当下，事物的边界逐渐模糊，关联愈加无序，凌文的广阔视野和发散性思维，以及他所提出的教育观点，或许可以成为一种清晰的方式，给教育以考量。

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来源 | 本文刊于《教育家》2023年11月刊第4期，原文标题《改造世界，万变不离其宗——访中国工程院院士、山东省科学技术协会主席凌文》

作者｜王湘蓉 邓晓婷

统筹 | 周彩丽

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